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It is important when studying civilizations, and their contributions on one another to be honest. We should identify who laid a foundation of certain sciences, and who used wisdom to enhance or perfect those sciences as well. The use of “Pi” in math is a very important concept. In the book “The Crest of the Peacock “ pg. 82 George Joseph states “The most important major source is the Ahmes (or Ahmose)Papyrus.” Historically you have the common misnomer of Greek Mathematician Thales as the “Father of Geometry Mathematics” who is dated at 6th century BC. The Ahmose Papyrus is copied at 1650 BC and is most likely attributed to an even older Egyptian document of the genius Imhotep. When looking at history as a student of math and history I attempt to put into context why Ahmes or Imhotep, his predecessor is not recognized properly. What history shows is the great Greek philosophers for the most part did not have an issue of giving credit to the where a vast amount of their body of knowledge came from. Many were students in Egyptian established schools. It is well documented within the Greek text that civilizations like Babylon and Egypt was very influential in the Greek sciences including math.
Posted By: DAVID JOHNSON
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 1:43PM
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Although we can say the Greek spoke of their influences; we also see is it is the students, and western educational institutions that perpetuate the myth of Greek origins of many of these histories. The Greek culture should be given proper praise and credit in taking certain sciences and applying brilliant additions to various philosophies that have advanced civilizations. For those of western civilization who teach on the word “ethics” it is disingenuous and hypocritical to even use the word while simultaneously altering history to suit the comfort level of western culture. All of history is not Afrocentric nor Eurocentric. Math is a revealing advancement of knowledge that benefits all peoples.
Egypt used much of their math in a method “practical” application whereas Greek math had enough wisdom to use math in a more “exact” method. For instance Egyptian Rule for the area of a circle Ahmes stated the area of circular field diameter 9 = area of square with side 8. Meaning = 3.1/6 It can be taken that since that is not an exact measurement it can be used for a practical but not exact method that the Greeks later enhanced and perfected in that particular instance. The Egyptian use is very close but not exact in its true application. By using the Pythagorean refined understanding of Pi=3.14 159… you can make the adjustments in the exact manner. The earlier Egyptian measurement was a close estimate and used as such in the papyrus for a practical use. A excellent example in The Crest of the Peacock pg.84-85 with the study of the first Egyptian king on record Narmer. Joseph accurately points out that when calculating the numbers of Narmers tributes it would “require a system of numerals that allowed counting to continue almost indefinitely by the introduction of a new system wherever necessary.” This is very important because the limits placed upon Egyptian use of mathematics does not take into account that although there was a practical application involved the system itself did indeed have the capability to make adjustments by the creation of symbols interfaced quite freely when needed for math purposes historically.
One could say the core beliefs and values of western civilization are to show dominance, and mastery of key moments of world history. In doing this there is a minimization of the non-European cultures influence upon which it is built. Looking at the world history through an ethnocentric lens is not been beneficial when looking for the truth as historians. The beliefs and values of having a Greek only origin of western civilization seem to cater to the comfort level of academics to appease the masses of those within the culture.
Amen Ra Squad
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 1:44PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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@ Johnson
Read and Weep
The Sumerian Mathematical System
Sumer (a region of Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq) was the birthplace of writing, the wheel, agriculture, the arch, the plow, irrigation and many other innovations, and is often referred to as the Cradle of Civilization. The Sumerians developed the earliest known writing system - a pictographic writing system known as cuneiform script, using wedge-shaped characters inscribed on baked clay tablets - and this has meant that we actually have more knowledge of ancient Sumerian and Babylonian mathematics than of early Egyptian mathematics. Indeed, we even have what appear to school exercises in arithmetic and geometric problems.
The Sumerian System, called "s*xagesimal", combined a mundane 10... with a "celestial" 6, to obtain the base figure 60. This system is in some ways superior to our present one, and much superior to later Greek and Roman systems. It enabled Sumerians to divide into fractions and multiply into the million, to calculate roots or raise numbers several powers.
This was not only the first known mathematical system, but also one that gave us... the "place" concept: Just as, (in the decimal system), 2 can be 2 or 20 or 200, depending on the digits place, so could a Sumerian 2 mean 2, or 120 (2 x 60), and so on, depending on the place.
The 360 degree circle, the foot and its 12 inches, and the "dozen" as a unit, are but a few examples of the vestiges of Sumerian Mathematics, still evident in our daily lives.
Their achievements in Astronomy, the establishment of a calendar, and similar mathematical feats will come up later.
This idea of using position to arrange integers, known as the principle of position, is the first known use of such a system, the basis of our decimal system. This became lost until the fifth or sixth century CE, and western culture used the unwieldy Roman system of numbering, a tortuous and difficult system for performing math. Their system of numbering implies that they may have understood zero but, until further evidence is found, that remains largely conjectural.
The Sumerians, Babylonians and other inhabitants of the Euphrates valley certainly made some sophisticated mathematical advances, developing the basis of arithmetic, numerical notation and using fractions. Their work was adopted by the Greeks, and it is likely that the Greeks learned mathematical techniques from the Babylonian culture, as ideas traveled along the Silk Route from Anatolia (Turkey) to China. Alexander the Great is known to have sent astronomical records from Babylonia to Aristotle after he conquered the area.
Also, to represent the numbers 1 - 59 within each place value, two distinct symbols were used, a unit symbol (Description: 1) and a ten symbol (Description: 10) which were combined in a similar way to the familiar system of Roman< numerals (e.g. 23 would be shown as Description: 23). Thus, Description: 1Description: 23represents 60 plus 23, or 83. However, the number 60 was represented by the same symbol as the number 1 and, because they lacked an equivalent of the decimal point, the actual place value of a symbol often had to be inferred from the context.
Sumerians used their fingers.
Fingers, after all, are digits and underlie the digital economy. Our having ten of them, most of us, underlies the decimal system.
Each of your fingers has three distinct segments. and, touching now the middle segment of his right index finger with his right thumb, “Two.”
Now, still looking at your right palm, having successfully counted to 12, make a thumbs-up sign with your left hand.
As in . . . “that’s one set of 12.” Count another set of twelve with your right hand and you earn an unfolded left index finger (never mind that now your left hand is prepared to say, “bang-bang” – the Sumerians, gentle souls, had no guns). “That’s two sets of 12.”
Keep doing this until you have unfolded all five fingers of your left hand, and you’ve got 60.
One of the most ancient mathematical texts available is Plimpton 322. (1900 B.C)
Plimpton 322 is partly broken, approximately 13 cm wide, 9 cm tall, and 2 cm thick. New York publisher George Arthur Plimpton purchased the tablet from an archaeological dealer,Edgar J. Banks, in about 1922, and bequeathed it with the rest of his collection to Columbia University in the mid 1930s. According to Banks, the tablet came from Senkereh, a site in southern Iraq corresponding to the ancient city of Larsa. The tablet is believed to have been written about 1800 BC, based in part on the style of handwriting used for its cuneiform script this handwriting is typical of documents from southern Iraq of 4000–3500 years ago." More specifically, based on formatting similarities with other tablets from Larsa that have explicit dates written on them, Plimpton 322 can be dated to the period 1822–1784 BC
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 1:57PM
Yaiqab Saint
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I would like to add this as well as a summary
Sumerian scientific achievements were important to the modern world.
•Sumerians invented the wheel C. 3700 BC.
•Sumerians developed a math system based on the numeral 60 which was the basis of time in modern world.
•Earliest concepts in algebra and geometry were formulated
•Leather - Evidence exists for the use of leather by the ancient Sumerians as far back as 6000 BC. Preserved specimens of leather dating to 5000 BC have been found. Egyptian stone carvings of about the same date show leather workers. Egyptian leather sandals more than 3,300 years old and an Egyptian queen's funeral tent of gazelle hides made in 1100 BC are in museums.
•A system of weights and measures were developed which served the ancient world until the Roman period.
•Many of the constellations were mapped by the Sumerians
•Sumerians developed a complex system of sewers and flush toilets to rid cities of waste and unhealthy affects of swamps.
•Bronze metal
•Ziggurats
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 2:10PM
Yaiqab Saint
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Africans skipped the bronze age and went straight to iron.
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 5:31PM
Steve Williams
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The is the cliché that 'knowledge is power'..which is so true. Good merit to point out the earliest development of math, weights and measure, wheel construction and the use of "pi" to calculate the area of a circle. Discovery, however, of knowledge is NOT where the power lies. It is the utilization of the knowledge which is "where" the power is. The greeks and Europeans took the knowledge they got from the ancient Babylonians, Egyptians and Sumerians and developed machinery, tools, equipment, ships and artillery. The rest is history....while the ancient Asians stored the knowledge on the shelf.
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 7:45PM
jamal Abraham
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Euclid of Alexandria; was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry" and most famous work "The Elements". There's also Pythagorus, "The Father of Mathematics"... Pythagoras's theorem .... is a relation in Euclidean geometry.
Greek letter "ð" - (pi) a mathematical symbol used in Euclidean geometry.
Thank you David for the Mathematics and Philosophy lesson.
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 9:16PM
Aphrodite Cox
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As we can see some of us get the fact that historically you have the common misnomer of Greek Mathematician Thales as the “Father of Geometry Mathematics” who is dated at 6th century BC. The Ahmose Papyrus is copied at 1650 BC and is most likely attributed to an even older Egyptian document of the genius Imhotep. some people will google information without cking the source and try to pass it off as history or like they been on a fact finding mission and ed up with a bunch of foolery pseudo-scholarship !
When looking at history as a student of math and history '''''''I attempt to put into context why Ahmes or Imhotep, his predecessor is not recognized properly'''''. FOR YOU pseudo-scholar LOL PAY ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT GREEKS ARE THE FIRST TO WRITE HISTORY SO '' What history shows is the great Greek philosophers for the most part did not have an issue of giving credit to the where a vast amount of their body of knowledge came from. Many were students in ''''''''Egyptian established schools''''. It is well documented within the Greek text that civilizations like Babylon and Egypt was very influential in the Greek sciences including math.
Lets be clear The Egyptian Mystery System was also a Secret Order, and membership was gained by initiation and a pledge to secrecy. The teaching was graded and delivered orally to the Neophyte; and under these
circumstances of secrecy, the Egyptians developed secret systems of writing and teaching,math and science
they forbade their Initiates from writing what they had learnt.
After nearly five thousand years of prohibition against the Greeks, they were permitted to enter
Egypt for the purpose of their education. First through the Persian invasion and secondly through
the invasion of Alexander the Great. From the sixth century B.C. therefore to the death of
Aristotle (322 B.C.) the Greeks made the best of their chance to learn all they could about
Egyptian culture; most students received instructions directly from the Egyptian Priests, but after
the invasion by Alexander the Great, the Royal temples and libraries were plundered and
pillaged, and Aristotle's school converted the library at Alexandria into a research centre. There
is no wonder then, that the production of the unusually large number of books ascribed to
Aristotle has proved a physical impossibility, for any single man within a life time.
The history of Aristotle's life, has done him far more harm than good, since it carefully avoids
any statement relating to his visit to Egypt, either on his own account or in company with
Alexander the Great, when he invaded Egypt. This silence of history at once throws doubt upon
the life and achievements of Aristotle. He is said to have spent twenty years under the tutorship
of Plato, who is regarded as a Philosopher, yet he graduated as the greatest of Scientists of
Antiquity. Two questions might be asked: (a) how could Plato teach Aristotle what he himself
did not know?; and (b) why should Aristotle spend twenty years under a teacher from whom he
could learn nothing? This bit of history sounds incredible. Again, in order to avoid suspicion
over the extraordinary number of books ascribed to Aristotle, history tells us that Alexander the Great, gave him a large sum of money to get the books. Here again the history sounds incredible,and three statements must here be made.
In order to purchase books on science, they must have been in circulation so as to enable
Aristotle to secure them. (b) If the books were in circulation before Aristotle purchased them,
and since he is not supposed to have visited Egypt at all, then the books in question must have
been circulated among Greek philosophers. (c) If circulated among Greek philosophers, then we
would expect the subject matter of such books to have been known before Aristotle's time, and
consequently he could not be credited either with producing them or introducing new ideas of science.
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 11:32PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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history makes it clear that the surrounding neighbors of Egypt had all become
familiar with the teachings of Egyptian Mysteries many centuries before the Athenians get the book ,Imhotep: The African Origins Of Greek & Roman Math, Science and Architecture - Mathu Ater Description: The general purpose of this lecture is to spotlight the world's first recorded multi-genious, Imhotep, and to focus on the African contribution to the math, science, and architecture of Europe's first civilizations. Particular emphasis is placed on the contributions made by ancient Egypt (Kemet) and Ethiopia (Cush) to the civilizations of Greece and Rome. In his book, Our Oriental Heritage, Will Durant, with respect to the Egyptian contribution wrote: "But here, too, are grandeur, sublimity, majesty and power; here are the arch and vault, used sparingly because not needed, but ready to pass on their principles to Greece and Rome and modern Europe; here are decorative designs never surpassed...the very soul of architecture's power appeal.
Sunday, August 3rd 2014 at 11:50PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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NOW IM GOING TO DESTROY YACOB'S INFORMATION ! WE AGAIN NEED NOT TAKE Yakcob's information serious because it lack substance, not forth coming here is the death blow for his lack of knowledge I would dlete it buT I let it stay to show you what not to do!
yacob ,,you must learn the right way ,,,read !
The falsely credited Pythagoras and Euclid learned their knowledge from Egypt's "Sacred
Mystery Schools," which were the first universities known to man (with branches in other
parts of the world, including China!) Estimated by computer analysis to have approached
a mile in length, the temple-university of Luxor housed an elite faculty of priest-
professors and catered to some 80,000 students at all grade levels! Temples were at the
center of religion, politics and education. The Ethiopians and Egyptians originated
Mathematics and Trigonometry. The African Moors originated Algebra and developed
Trigonometry into a science. The word Algebra is derived from "Al-Jabr wa'l Muqabala,"
the title of the first textbook on the subject. From the name of the Black author, "Al-
Khowarizmi" we get the word algorithm (a math procedure). The Arabic numbers we use
today came from he ancient Arab people who were originally Black Africans ! — and
many of them still are!
Chemistry and the word itself is from Black Egypt. And where would the world be
without PAPER and ALPHABET? Africans gave us both! The words
Chemistry/Alchemy (see page 8) are from the word Kam or Khem, the name which the
ancient Egyptians called themselves which means BLACK. Africans invented paper and
paper-making. Paper was made from papyrus, hence the name. Before this, writing was
done on stone tablets. The alphabet used by Western civilization originates from the
Black Phoenicians who copied the principles from the Africans of the Nile Valley.
The real 'Father of Medicine' was the African multi-genius Imhotep of ancient
Egypt, not Hippocrates who lived 2000 years later. Imhotep brought the knowledge of
medicine to Greece and Rome. He was a world famous physician, architect, high priest,
diplomat, economist, poet, philosopher, sage, magician, astronomer, engineer, and
designer of the Step Pyramid of Sakkara. He was so revered that he was deified while
still living and worshipped as the Great God of Medicine. The Greeks renamed him
Aesclepios, the God of Healing. The phrase "drink and be merry..." is traced to him. The
symbol of the medical profession, the caduceus (a winged staff entwined by two
serpents), was the insignia found on his temples. Imhotep temples in fact were the first
hospitals known to man! Stolen from Africa, his many volumes are at Karl Marx
University in Leipzig, Germany. "From Egypt we have the earliest medical books, the
first observatory for anatomy -- human and comparative — the first experiments in
surgery and pharmacy, the first use of splints and bandages, compresses and other
appliances, and the first anatomical and medical vocabulary, and an extensive one at
that." (S. Glanvile: The Legacy of Egypt p. 196) European medicine is founded on the
works of Imhotep and Black Muslims, Avicenna and Rhazes. For rich details, see Llaila
O. Afrika: African Holistic Health.
This race of black men... is the very race to which we owe our arts, our sciences, and
even the use of speech!" — wrote the amazed, distinguished French scholar, Count C.
Volney in 1787. Later he wrote Ruins of Empires, a book which so delighted scholars of
the day that it was translated into English with a 'special edition' for the racist Americans,
in which the following quotation was left out: "There are a people, now forgotten,
discovered, while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts and sciences. A
race of men rejected now for their black skin and woolly hair founded, on the study of the
laws of Nature, those civil and religious systems which still govern the universe."
* The name by which whites are known -- Caucasian -- originated from Africans — and is
from Caucasus, which is derived from the Ethiopian words "Caer Cush Aur." (Bryant's
Ancient Mythology Vol. Ill, p. 158 [1807]). Ancient African civilizations were flourished
while Europeans were living as barbarians in the caves of the Caucasus mountains.
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 12:08AM
DAVID JOHNSON
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Seeking to further discredit African legacy, white historians try to displace Egypt from
Africa by classifying it as part of Asia, but the ancient people of West Asia were also
Black! The original people of West Asia were the Sumerians, who called themselves the
"Black-Heads." They founded the rich Black cultures of Mesopatamia which included the
ancient Babylonians, Chaldeans, Canaanites, Phoenicians and Elamites (original
Persians). Cush or Nubia means Ethiopia.
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 12:24AM
DAVID JOHNSON
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busted and destroyed !
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 12:25AM
DAVID JOHNSON
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@ David...Great points about Egypt and their schools. The Minoans who flourished from around 2000 to 1500 B.C.E. were the first real sailors of the ancient Near East. Their ships evolved from dugout canoes to larger craft, with the canoe itself serving as a backbone or keel to which other planks were fastened to build up the sides. The Egyptians did most of their sailing in the safe waters of the Nile or on short excursions along the coast between Egypt and Palestine. Unfortunately, they only had the short stubby acacia tree from which to make planks. As a result, their ships were patchworks of boards resembling a jigsaw puzzle and requiring a lot of internal support. So the Egyptians put in ribs and cross braces, called thwarts, to hold their ships together.
The Phoenicians, in deciding between using the Minoan keel or Egyptian ribs and thwarts, chose both. This resulted in a rather bulky, but sturdy sailing vessel. In order to seal it against leaking, a layer of tar or pitch covered the lower part of the hull, which is what the Greek poet, Homer, was referring to this when he spoke of the "black ships". Ships' hulls also often had lead or copper sheaths to guard against sea worms eating into the wood.
I was always impressed by the Phoenicians who used geometry and craftsmanship to make very sturdy ships. They explored throughout Asia and aided in the transfer of knowledge across the middle east and Africa. Not only were they black people they had guts, drive, motivation and skill who used the math.
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 6:16PM
jamal Abraham
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@ David
Black People? We all know that they are dark-skinned, there is no Black Nationality, the so-called whiteman's term.
Busted for what, just because your dark-skinned don't mean your the same nationality.
Example Papua, and Australian so-called black people are dark but from another nationality.
For certain hamitic so-called blacks are not the same nationality as Shemitic so-called blacks as well.
Now you trying to group everyone under the same pot after stating that Israel patriarchs never existed.
I would like to debate for the record the differences of geometrical algebra between Ancient Sumer and Egypt.
Trust me bring the crew to support you since you claim to have greater knowledge than me OKAY Johnson?
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 6:59PM
Yaiqab Saint
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@ David
Where is the annuals of history that Egypt and Ethiopia invented Math? where???
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 7:00PM
Yaiqab Saint
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@Johnson
Please get me the dates of Egyptian and Ethiopian metrology on their papyrus documents as well.
Now compare this to Sumerians:
The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This metrology advanced resulting in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period.
The period 2700-2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their s*xagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.
By 3000 BC, the Sumerians were drawing images of tokens on clay tablets to keep records of their goods and supplies - what one might call the first bookkeeping system.
Different types of goods were represented by different symbols, and multiple quantities represented by repetition. Three units of grain were denoted by three 'grain-marks', five jars of oil were denoted by five 'oil-marks' and so on.
Every type of good for which they kept records, had its own distinctive sign. The increasing complexity of economic life led to a great proliferation of styles of tokens. Each of these tokens now had to be rendered by their own sign, and, of course, all the signs had to be learned.
Recording a delivery or disbursement of three jars of oil by writing the oil-jar symbol three times is simple and convenient. Recording a delivery or disbursement of several hundred jars of oil the same way is no longer so convenient and is also a system to prone to error.
The large temple complexes that developed in the late fourth millennium, such as the temple of Inanna at Uruk, were considerable economic enterprises, dealing in large quantities of goods and labor.
Gradually, a new system had to be developed. The first great innovation after the act of writing was the separation of the quantity of the good from the symbol for the good. That is, to represent three units of grain by a symbol for 'three' followed by a symbol for 'grain-unit' in the same way that we would write 3 sheep or 3 cows or, more generally, 3 liters or 3 kilometers.
A system of this sort is a metrological numeration system, a system of weights and measures. The 'three' symbol is not completely abstract, but is given value by its context, by having the units appended. The development of this concept over the third millennium is a fascinating and extremely complex story that is as yet only partially understood.
Whereas we use the same number signs, regardless of their metrological meaning (the '3' for sheep is the same sign as the '3' for kilometers or jars of oil), the Sumerians used a wide variety of different symbols.
Nissen, Damerow and Englund have identified around 60 different number signs, which they group into a dozen or so metrological systems.
Any metrological system contains a number of different-sized units with fixed conversion factors between them, so that, for example, there are 12 inches in a foot and three feet in a yard, and so on.
Just as in our old weight and measure systems, Sumerian metrology featured all sorts of conversion factors, although it is notable that they were all simple fractions of 60.
In the basic s*xagesimal system used for counting most discrete objects, a single object, a sheep or cow or fish, is denoted by a small cone.
Ten cones equaled one small circle; six small circles equaled one big cone, ten big cones equaled was a big cone with a circle inside it, six of those was a large circle and ten large circles was given by a large circle with a small circle inside. This last unit was then worth 10x6x10x6x10 = 36000 base units.
Note that the circle and "cone-shape" could be easily made by a stylus pressing on the clay, either vertically for the circle or at an angle for the cone.
For discrete ration goods a 'bis*xagesimal' system was used with conversion factors 10, 6, 2, 10 and 6, so that the symbol for the Largest quantity, this time a large circle containing two small circles, denoted 6x10x2x6x10=7200 base units.
Yet another system was used for measuring grain capacity. Here the conversion factors were 5, 10, 3, and 10, so that the largest unit, a large cone containing a small circle, was worth 10x3x10x5=1500 of the small units.
Adding to the confusion for modern scholars attempting to unravel these complex metrological systems was the fact that a single sign might be used in several systems, where it could mean different multiples of the base unit.
In particular, the small circle could mean 6, 10 or 18 small cones, depending on context (as well as other multiples of base units denoted by other symbols).
Gradually, over the course of the third millennium, these signs were replaced by cuneiform equivalents so that numbers could be written with the same stylus that was being used for the words in the text.
The final step in this story, occurring probably some time in the Ur III period, right at the end of the third millennium, was the introduction of a s*xagesimal place value system.
The number of signs was reduced to just two: a vertical wedge derived from the small cone often used for the base unit, and a corner wedge, derived from the small circle.
The corner wedge had a value of ten vertical wedges. In the s*xagesimal counting system described above, the next size unit was the large cone, worth six circles.
In the place value system, this unit was denoted by the same-sized vertical wedge as the base unit, and it was worth six corner wedges. Now the pair of symbols could be repeated in an indefinitely larger alternating series of corner and vertical wedges, always keeping the same conversion factors of 10 and 6.
The price paid was that a vertical wedge could now mean 1, or 60 (6x10), or 3600 (60x60), and so on. Its actual value was determined by its place.
The s*xagesimal place-value system greatly facilitated calculations, but, of course, at the end of the day, the final answer had to be translated back into the underlying metrological system of units.
So a problem would be stated in proper units and the solution would be given in proper units, but the intermediate calculations were carried out in the new s*xagesimal place value system.
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 7:08PM
Yaiqab Saint
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@ David
Here's the data I have for Egyptian mathematical history:
The oldest mathematical text from ancient Egypt discovered so far, though, is the Moscow Papyrus, which dates from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom around 2000 - 1800 BC.
It is thought that the Egyptians introduced the earliest fully-developed base 10 numeration system at least as early as 2700 BC (and probably much early). Written numbers used a stroke for units, a heel-bone symbol for tens, a coil of rope for hundreds and a lotus plant for thousands, as well as other hieroglyphic symbols for higher powers of ten up to a million. However, there was no concept of place value, so larger numbers were rather unwieldy (although a million required just one character, a million minus one required fifty-four characters).
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 7:12PM
Yaiqab Saint
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@ David
For the record you did not destroy my information.
Medicine will be the next step and it will completely shock you because you made claims that the Egyptians were the founders of Medicine too.
This will be real easy!
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 7:31PM
Yaiqab Saint
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every time you get beat up you always come back with the same bloody information ,mindset that got you killed in the first place consider this a academic warning leave this site for good or face the biggest shock that ever happen in your life ,,i WARNED YOU ,,YOU'RE NOT THAT HARD TO FIND ! IM READY TO UNMASK YOUR GAY ASS ~!
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 8:58PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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@Johnson
You aint going to do ****....... I have your number.
You been talking for a long time and have not delivered!
You got off the Harry blog dialogue with Jamal real fast today and everyone was watching too!
Because I'm not finished with you yet!!
Remember those words........
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 9:11PM
Yaiqab Saint
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again for you yack mouth and your lack of knowledge you want to join my kemetic group notice your Israelite rhetoric is dead now here is another lesson to learn Africans pioneered basic arithmetic 25,000 years ago. The Ishango bone is a tool handle with notches carved into it found in the Ishango region of Zaïre (now called Congo) near Lake Edward. The bone tool was originally thought to have been over 8,000 years old, but a more sensitive recent dating has given dates of 25,000 years old. On the tool are 3 rows of notches. Row 1 shows three notches carved next to six, four carved next to eight, ten carved next to two fives and finally a seven. The 3 and 6, 4 and 8, and 10 and 5, represent the process of doubling. Row 2 shows eleven notches carved next to twenty-one notches, and nineteen notches carved next to nine notches. This represents 10 + 1, 20 + 1, 20 - 1 and 10 - 1. Finally, Row 3 shows eleven notches, thirteen notches, seventeen notches and nineteen notches. 11, 13, 17 and 19 are the prime numbers between 10 and 20. do the math ...lol 1
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 9:43PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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Despite proof of their sophistication, the Kemites’ contributions to world culture are still perceived to be less than those of the Greeks. In an online biography of Thales, the Greek scholar’s travel to Kemet to study is mentioned, although marginalized. “Thales had traveled to Egypt to study the science of geometry. Somehow he must have refined the Egyptian methods, because when he came back to Miletus [Greece] he surprised his contemporaries with his unusual mathematical abilities” [source: The Big View].
Since the Kemites have been all but excluded from history, one can’t help but wonder if another culture has been kept even more in the dark. A tantalizing question emerges: Did the Kemites, like the Greeks, draw their knowledge from another source as well?
Time to revise history as it is currently written.
To know that the source was with us all this time and thus build on it other than the roundabout route education has taken.
And this education has to be questioned because, perhaps the reason the Greeks picked on only the technological aspects of knowledge is that they were drop-outs.
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 9:57PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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25,000 years ago based on radio-carbon dating.. I saw that and fell to the floor a longtime ago.
Come on Johnson I expect better than that.
See?????? you have to stop listening to everything a so-called white archeologist states!
They guessing based on flawed radio-carbon testing. The 1/2 life of the radio-carbon is accurately described without no erosion of the carbon isotopes within the bone marrow.
Plus the contamination factor is excessive?
That creates a massive false/positive analysis of the specimen measured!
If the Africans pioneered mathematics 25,000 years ago who was the individual ?????
Now previously I asked you for the father of King Narmar which is approximately 5000 years ago, no response.
Asked you for Kush father's name no response and now we have another theory from the so-called whiteman in terms of Africa's historical dating without names of course.
It just so.... because we said so!
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 10:21PM
Yaiqab Saint
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your limited knowledge cant get around my scholarship its ok you always fall for the bull****and end up looking like a fool its part of your DNA this I know ,,,
keep pushing the kemetic agenda ,if anyone ask you any questions just send them to me we dont your
dumbass answering for the kemetic community ,we dont want a fool speaking for the movement
Monday, August 4th 2014 at 10:37PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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