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Now the king heard it said about King Tir·ha′kah of E·thi·o′pi·a: “Here he has come out to fight against you.” 2 Kings 19:9 In 688 B.C., when King Tirhakah of Kush became Pharaoh of Egypt, he began to conspire with Phoenicia to obtain greater quantities of iron, needed to match the weaponry of the invading Assyrians. He sent ships, commanded by his Ethiopian officers, and navigated by his Phoenician allies, to the northeast coast of the Gulf of Guinea, an area known for iron production, having both very rich ores, and an abundance of wood for making charcoal to smelt the iron. On their return voyage, one or several of these ships were swept into the south equatorial current, as was the Portuguese explorer Cabral in 1500 A.D. Just as Cabral later did, they arrived in Brazil. Traveling northwest with the currents, they arrived on the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. With them they brought, besides their main cargo of iron, cotton and bronze. These white robed and bearded seafarers also brought the Egyptian motif of the feathered serpent, leading to the incarnation of the Mexican god Quetzalcoatl. With their iron tools they sculpted the colossal heads of the Olmecs, exquisite in their detail of Sudanese features and cast bronze helmets, carved from basalt, one of the hardest stones, 8 on a scale of 10. They also brought the calendar, pyramid engineering, writing, and agricultural science.
Posted By: Steve Williams
Friday, August 15th 2014 at 8:37PM
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Thank you brother Deacon.
Friday, August 15th 2014 at 9:09PM
Steve Williams
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Mr. Deacon,
When will you be able to separate yourself from the concepts and learning things from White America (White Steve Williams) to have your own individuality with your race (Black Americans) that though White Steve Williams is not a part of?
When are you going to give back to White Americans all that they have taught you about them to be what you are; a Black American descendents of plantation slaves. Don’t you think for moment that you can’t he killed by White Americans Michael Brown was as we have been lynched in the past and now I our young boys and men are shot down in the streets.
The people that have been abusing Black Americans for hundreds of years are Steve’s people; White Americans.
The question now is should the White Steve share in the blame? Of course! White Steve is his White brother’s keeper.
God not only judges the individual but also judges the race of that individual. Steve will not escape the evil of his people!
You, Mr. Deacon are a stupid-ass since you are not learning from past experiences!
The more you accept Steve as your mentor and teacher is the more stupid you become because you cannot be your self and at the same time be what Steve wants you to be; and dumb-ass Black American. You cannot serve two masters!
The only person that can teach you and you should take an interest in learning from is your first genuine prophet, Prophet Harry.
Friday, August 15th 2014 at 11:56PM
Harry Watley
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Come again Harry.
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 12:02AM
Steve Williams
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HARRY,
You do remember when I opened up my blog to you so that you may share your wisdom on a few questions I had placed in front of you for your review and all I and the Brothers and Sisters on Black In America got from you was deceptions and ignorance, in short CRICKETS...
Now HARRY, can you prove to us that this information is not credible, if not then shut-up that BS of yours.
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 8:53AM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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Mr. Deacon,
Wasn't you one of the idiots the White Steve Williams had looking in the clouds?
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 9:22AM
Harry Watley
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Now the king heard it said about King Tir¡¤ha¡äkah of E¡¤thi¡¤o¡äpi¡¤a: ¡°Here he has come out to fight against you.¡±
2 Kings 19:9 ****************************In 688 B.C., when King Tirhakah
Posted By: Steve Williams
Friday, August 15th 2014 at 8:37PM
As Kings is a transliteration of the Hebrew Language translated to mean English --- From AtTawrah?
is that correct?
based on the Story Being in the Genesis---the King of Habashaya---REAL transliteration of the Hebrew of AtTawrah----was either Monotheistic or paganPharoahnic------WHICH? ----
********then YOU write:
".......the Olmecs, exquisite in their detail of Sudanese features....."
Posted By: Steve Williams
Friday, August 15th 2014 at 8:37PM
I have Lived in Sudan and I will say --- based on my eyesite that Figure of Old Mexico was a Western African Muslim Imam --- who did use Iron and Intelligence to visit America by at least 750AD
YOUR junk Posts that at BIA, An African American Family site NEVER are TRUE, NEVER have an Important Significance AND are ALWAYS Eurocentric Falsehood......
SHATTER and Leave for a Disrespecting African American and the History of AfricaAsia site ---
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 9:39AM
powell robert
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HARRY,
Yes,,, did you read my comment? Now lets get back to proving the credibility of this information, if you can't find no fault, then move on.
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 9:45AM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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Sudan has an older meaning than the modern state. I think you know that Robert. Your dates are all wrong, but mine all line up and I can prove each one.
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 10:37AM
Steve Williams
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Mr. Deacon,
You and I are not getting back to anything except that I want a clear answer do you believe that prophets are racially different?
Are prophets racially different?
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 10:41AM
Harry Watley
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There is no such thing as an African-American ironworker!
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 11:06AM
Harry Watley
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There have been many African American ironworkers Harry. These are the first.
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 11:26AM
Steve Williams
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My sources:
The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production
Peter R. Schmidt, ed., 1996
They Came Before Columbus
Ivan Van Sertima, 1976
A History of Metallurgy
R. F. Tylecote, 2nd ed., 1992
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 2:22PM
Steve Williams
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"Sudan has an older meaning than the modern state. I think you know that Robert. Your dates are all wrong, but mine all line up and I can prove each one."
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 10:37AM
Steve Williams
sudan what? ----- in Senegal, in Mauritania, in Magreeb, in West AFRICA no one would say, write etc. Sudan
would you LYING derriere please STOP and DESIST from posting your STEREOTYPICAL, a selfProfessed 'whiteMan' TEACHS the heather African American
and Stop YOUR junk Posts that at BIA, An African American Family site NEVER are TRUE, NEVER have an Important Significance AND are ALWAYS Eurocentric Falsehood......
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 5:28PM
powell robert
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Anything about the evidence Robert?
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 6:10PM
Steve Williams
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How disappointing you are Robert. The Muslims came too, and also made the return trip, but that was not until more than 1000 years later.
Sunday, August 17th 2014 at 11:30AM
Steve Williams
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when or how Muslims came is not important for my comments to your LYING here
or you can never answer a question -
-- again you are a selfProfessed daily Marijuana smoker so you -- I guess loss your mind
Anything about the evidence Robert?
Saturday, August 16th 2014 at 6:10PM
Steve Williams
yes, for the 1,258,567th time ------ YOU have NO evidence --- just 'whiteSupremist' thought only
and would your LYING derriere please STOP and DESIST from posting your STEREOTYPICAL, selfProfessed 'whiteMan' "HAS" to TEACH the "heathen" African American Family
and Stop YOUR junk Posts that at BIA, An African American Family site!
Most of your posts NEVER are TRUE, NEVER have an Important Significance AND are ALWAYS Eurocentric Falsehood......
There is Plenty of that Evidence --- YOU NEVER has answered a QUESTION to anyone -- are YOU too GOOD?
Sunday, August 17th 2014 at 11:36AM
powell robert
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Self-professed near-blind too-old Robert:
According to Claudius Ptolemy in his work Almagest, this gave rise to an era beginning noon on February 26, 747 BC when the Anno Nabonassari began, but prior to the Hellenistic period there is no trace of this era.[6] The Babylonian Chronicle[i 1] covering the years 747 to 668 BC, the best preserved exemplar of this genre, was possibly collated from Babylonian astronomical diaries,[7] although the earliest exemplar of these dates to 652 BC.[4]:188 The lists of celestial phenomena[i 6] started with the lunar eclipse of 747–746 BC[8] (February 6, 746 BC according to Britton[3]:90 and others[9]), a spectacular conjunction of the moon and the planets which may have inspired the commencement of recording of accurate astronomical observations.[1]:227
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonassar
Sunday, August 17th 2014 at 2:34PM
Steve Williams
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Self-professed near-blind too-old Robert:
According to Claudius Ptolemy in his work Almagest, this gave rise to an era beginning noon on February 26, 747 BC when the Anno Nabonassari began, but prior to the Hellenistic period there is no trace of this era.[6] The Babylonian Chronicle[i 1] covering the years 747 to 668 BC, the best preserved exemplar of this genre, was possibly collated from Babylonian astronomical diaries,[7] although the earliest exemplar of these dates to 652 BC.[4]:188 The lists of celestial phenomena[i 6] started with the lunar eclipse of 747–746 BC[8] (February 6, 746 BC according to Britton[3]:90 and others[9]), a spectacular conjunction of the moon and the planets which may have inspired the commencement of recording of accurate astronomical observations.[1]:227
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonassar
Sunday, August 17th 2014 at 2:34PM
Steve Williams
good point steve about old and near blind---glasses, good diet and large Family take care of Me.
--- BUT, you of the MARYJANE mind---OFF SUBJECT ON YOUR OWN BLAG
BACK to the greekPagans, for 'whiteSupremist' STRENGTH?
again ANSWER a QUESTION
OK -- you cannot answer me, fear of Africa Asian and you are better with Eurocentric racism
BUT --- Answer MIISRAEL --- she's #1 blogger and a bride
Sunday, August 17th 2014 at 7:09PM
powell robert
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Back to the Babylonian chronicles.
Sunday, August 17th 2014 at 10:09PM
Steve Williams
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In ancient times, the Mayans had a tradition of a 360-day year. But by the 4th century B.C.E. they took a different approach than either Europeans or Asians. They maintained three different calendars at the same time. In one of them, they divided a 365-day year into eighteen 20-day months followed by a five-day period that was part of no month. The five-day period was considered to be unlucky.
http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calen...
Monday, August 18th 2014 at 6:28PM
Steve Williams
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During the reign of the Babylonian king Nabonasser (traditionally dated between 747 and 734 B.C.E.) priest/ astronomers in that country discontinued their practice of looking for the new moon in order to name the beginning of a month. Instead, they returned to a fixed-length calendar that had 12 months of 30 days each, but with five days added at the end.
http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calen...
Monday, August 18th 2014 at 7:45PM
Steve Williams
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The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on the moon’s cycles, but the lunar calendar failed to predict a critical event in their lives: the annual flooding of the Nile river. The Egyptians soon noticed that the first day the "Dog Star," which we call Sirius, in Canis Major was visible right before sunrise was special. The Egyptians were probably the first to adopt a mainly solar calendar. This so-called ‘heliacal rising’ always preceded the flood by a few days. Based on this knowledge, they devised a 365-day calendar that seems to have begun in 4236 B.C.E., the earliest recorded year in history.
http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calen...
Monday, August 18th 2014 at 7:50PM
Steve Williams
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Necho II[1] (sometimes Nekau,[2] Neku,[3] Nechoh,[4] or Nikuu;[5] Greek: Νεχώς Β' or Νεχώ Β'[6][7]) of Kemet[8] was a king of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (c. 610 BC – c. 595 BC). Necho undertook a number of construction projects across his kingdom.[9] In his reign, according to the Greek historian Herodotus (4.42), Necho II sent out an expedition[10] of Phoenicians, which in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa to the mouth of the Nile.[11]
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necho_II
Monday, August 18th 2014 at 8:25PM
Steve Williams
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Lost-wax casting (also called "investment casting", "precision casting", or cire perdue in French) is the process by which a duplicate metal sculpture (often silver, gold, brass or bronze) is cast from an original sculpture. Dependent on the sculptor's skills, intricate works can be achieved by this method. The oldest known examples of this technique are the objects discovered in the Cave of the Treasure (Nahal Mishmar) hoard in southern Israel, and which belong to the Chalcolithic period (4500-3500 BCE). Conservative Carbon 14 estimates date the items to c. 3700 BCE, making them more than 5700 years old.[1][2]
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_ca...
Wednesday, August 20th 2014 at 5:02PM
Steve Williams
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From the Mondego river up to the Minho river, along the coastal areas of northern Portugal, during the last two centuries of the second millennium BCE a series of settlements were established in high, well communicated places,[6] irradiating from a core area north of the Mondego, and usually specializing themselves in the production of Atlantic Bronze Age metallurgy: cauldrons, knives, bronze vases, roasting spits, flesh-hooks, swords, axes and jewelry, related to a noble elite who celebrated ritual banquets and who participated in an extensive network of interchange of prestige items, from the Mediterranean and up to the British Isles.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_cult...
http://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C...
Wednesday, August 20th 2014 at 5:41PM
Steve Williams
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Where is Robert?
Wednesday, August 20th 2014 at 7:14PM
Adam Fate
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It is of the greatest interest, therefore, that we see the first evidence for quench-hardening in Egypt consider- ing the alleged backwardness of that area.t" A lugged axehead, dated to 900 BC, had never been used as it was covered with a thin layer of magnetite from the last heating. The carbon content varied from zero in the centre to 0.9% at the blade edge. The whole axe had been quenched from a temperature of 800-900°C, giving a hard martensitic cutting edge. This edge had been tempered by the conduction of heat from the thicker parts of the axe, which had not been cooled to ambient temperature before removal from the quenching liquid. The final hardness, therefore, varied from 70 HB away from the edge, to 444 HB at the edge itself. The result was a first- rate axe correctly heat-treated to the hardness one would expect from an axehead today.
http://m.friendfeed-media.com/450c6f3cdc92...
Tylecote, A History of Metallurgy
Thursday, August 21st 2014 at 12:09PM
Steve Williams
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At Thebes, Petrie found a group of 23 tools dating to the Assyrian invasion of 667 BC This comprised saws, chisels, a rasp, centre bits, a file, gouges and a sickle, together with a bronze helmet of Assyrian type. Three of the tools were wrought iron, two of the others had been case-carburized on the cutting edges and then quenched. Two were homogenized 0.2% carbon steels quenched to give a maximum hardness of 487 HV.49
Tylecote, A History of Metallurgy
Thursday, August 21st 2014 at 12:13PM
Steve Williams
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Excellent research Steve...
Thursday, August 28th 2014 at 11:34AM
Siebra Muhammad
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agreement from the selfProfessed 'blackGirl' and the selfProfessed 'whiteGuy'
Well I prefer African Asian Knowledge of Antiquity.................
THE MOST IMPORTANT King of Habashaya(selfProfessed 'blackGirl' and the selfProfessed 'whiteGuy' call it Ethiopia?) was King Negus!
King Negus, a believer of IsaIgnMaryam-------protected and sheltered the First Muslims he met.
and upon the departure of the Muslims remarked: "
“...... that there is no god but God and that Muhammad is His slave and His Messenger and that IsaIbn Maryam is His slave and His Messenger and His Spirit and His Word which He cast unto Mary.
Thursday, August 28th 2014 at 4:30PM
powell robert
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What about my evidence Robert?
Thursday, August 28th 2014 at 6:09PM
Steve Williams
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The Sudan extends in some 5,000 km in a band several hundred km wide across Africa. It stretches from the border of Senegal, through southern Mali (formerly known as French Sudan when it was a French colony), Burkina Faso, southern Niger and northern Nigeria, southern Chad and the western Darfur region of present-day Sudan.
In the north of the region lies the Sahel, a more arid Acacia savanna region which in turn borders the Sahara desert to the north, and the Ethiopian Highlands in the east (called al-Ḥabašah in Arabic). In the south-west lies the West Sudanian Savanna, a wetter, tropical savanna region bordering the tropical forest of West Africa. In the center is Lake Chad, and the more fertile region around the lake, while to the south of there are the highlands of Cameroon. To the south-east is the East Sudanian savanna, another tropical savanna region, bordering the forest of Central Africa. This gives way further east to the Sudd, an area of tropical wetland fed by the water of the White Nile.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_(regi...
Tuesday, September 16th 2014 at 8:43PM
Steve Williams
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Sudan, the vast tract of open savanna plains extending across Africa between the southern limits of the Sahara (desert) and the northern limits of the equatorial rain forests. The term derives from the Arabic bilād as-sūdān (“land of the black peoples”) and has been in use from at least the 12th century. The northern reaches of the Sudan comprise the semiarid region known as the Sahel.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/...
Tuesday, September 16th 2014 at 8:56PM
Steve Williams
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With reference to ancient factsof history, to giveany piece of information aboutancient history of Western Sudan, it is necessary to point out to two important historical facts. First, the origin of the term Sudan and the source from which it isderived. Second, what part of Africa is said to be known as Sudan in ancient history.
With regards to the name Sudan, originally it comes from the term`Bilad -al- Sudan` which means “Land of Blacks”. So the term is a mere derivation from the Arabic word ` Sauod` meaning ‘Blacks’ as an indication to the skin colour of the inhabitants living in the region. The term is said to be used by Arab travelers, geographers and historians who first wrote the history of the region.
In course of the African part known as Sudan, ancient history indicates to the area lying from Ethiopia and Eritrea on the Eastern Coast of Africa stretching to Ghana, Guinea and Mali on the Western Coast of Africa. On such basis, ancient history divides the region into three divisions: Eastern Sudan, Central Sudan and Western Sudan.
http://www.ancientsudan.org/articles_ibrah...
Tuesday, September 16th 2014 at 9:51PM
Steve Williams
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The Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu has been revealed in bronzes dating from the 9th century A.D., which were discovered during excavations by Thurstan Shaw and his team in 1959 and 1964 in Igbo-Ukwu, an Igbo town in present-day Nigeria. A total of three sites have been excavated, revealing bronze artifacts along with pottery and thousands of glass beads, materials demonstrating trade with such distant cultures as the Egyptians.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 2:09AM
Steve Williams
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Charles Thurstan Shaw CBE FBA FSA (27 June 1914 - 8 March 2013) [1] was an English archaeologist, the first trained specialist to work in what was then British West Africa. He specialized in the ancient cultures of present-day Ghana and Nigeria. He helped establish academic institutions including the Ghana National Museum and the archaeology department at the University of Ghana. He began working with the University of Ibadan in 1960, where he later founded and developed its archeology department, which he led for more than 10 years before his retirement in 1974.
His excavations at Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria revealed a 9th-century indigenous culture that did highly sophisticated work in bronze metalworking, centuries before other sites that were better known at the time of discovery, and independent of any Arab or European influence. He was awarded the C.B.E. in 1972 for his contributions,[2] and in 1989 was made a tribal chief in Nigeria.
In addition, Shaw worked on expanding communications about African archaeology; in 1964, he founded the West African Archaeological Newsletter, which he edited until 1970; from 1971-1975, he edited the West African Journal of Archaeology.
Bibliography
The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns (1995)
Unearthing Igbo-Ukwū: Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria (1977)
Discovering Nigeria's Past (1975)
Igbo-Ukwu : An Account of Archaeological Discoveries in Eastern Nigeria (1970/1977 paperback edition)
The Study of Africa's Past (1946)
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurstan_Sh...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 2:33AM
Steve Williams
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What about my evidence Robert? ....... bilâd as-sûdân (“land of the black peoples”)
Thursday, August 28th 2014 at 6:09PM
Steve Williams
ALL of your racistNonsense has ORIGINS in Europe, a paganChristian people that gave AfricaAsia; by YOUR brothers like----Charles Thurstan Shaw CBE FBA FSA (27 June 1914 - 8 March 2013) [1] was an English archaeologist, the first trained specialist to work in what was then British West Africa.
BUT all that AfricaAsia KNOWS of these rudyardKipling racists IS****genocideAmericana, slaverAmericana, colonialWorld and other Evils of WWI,II AND most importantly the concept of 'whiteSupremacy'..........
leave and take your racistlyIgnorant EuroCENTRIC thought to kkk, teaparty sites.....
AfricanAsians have recorded their History, Scholarship and Science for THOUSANDS of years before the racistlyIgnorant europeans were in their caves of Ignorant Barbarity.
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 8:05AM
powell robert
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Are you saying Ibrahim Musa doesn't know Arabic?
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 10:14AM
Steve Williams
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There is a region of Africa known as the Sudanian Savanna. That's the region I am talking about. If you have historical sources tell me what they are Robert.
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 10:20AM
Steve Williams
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Muslim geography was based on Hellenistic geography and reached its apex with Muhammad al-Idrisi in the 12th century.
After its beginnings in the 8th century based on Hellenistic geography,[2] Islamic geography was patronized by the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Various Islamic scholars contributed to its development, and the most notable include Al-Khwārizmī, Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (founder of the 'Balkhī school') and Abu Rayhan Biruni.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_a...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 12:30PM
Steve Williams
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Welcome to "Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan," an electronic exploration of the history of the African states of Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland. "Kingdoms" is a component of "Sacred and Secular in the African Americas ," an electronic project devoted to the African American humanities, and produced at Xavier University of Louisiana with the generous support of the Andrew Mellon Foundation.
http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 1:36PM
Steve Williams
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@ Steve Williams
Nice work
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 2:06PM
Sylvainy R
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Thanks Sylvainy.
Over a thousand years ago, hills rich in iron ore dotted the landscape of the region which would come to be known as Hausaland, between the eastern reaches of the Niger river to the west and Lake Chad in the east. Different versions of Hausa origin myths, while difficult to interpret in their details, point to several of these high places as sites of important hill-cults, sacred grounds where priests or cult-guardians exercised religious and political power within local societies already active in agriculture and trade.1 Though this configuration of authority would soon undergo upheavals as a result of changing political structures--and, in time, the arrival of a new religion (Islam)--a certain pattern of localized power would mark Hausaland for centuries to come. Hausaland, in contrast with the "super-states" of Mali and Songhay to the west and Kanem-Bornu to the east, would never be formed from within into a coherent single political unit. Not until the nineteenth century was Hausaland unified by the Fulani conquest. Though the resemblance may seem superficial, one is reminded of the fragmented city-states of classical Greece, finally brought together (against their will) by the victorious soldiers of Alexander the Great.
http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 3:56PM
Steve Williams
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Palmer studied the culture, languages and literature of Africa becoming an outstanding Hausa and Arabic scholar and an acknowledged authority on civilisation and literature of Hausa and Fulani.
Throughout the Northern Province of Nigeria there were then thousands of Muslim schools in which practically the entire time of the pupils was occupied in learning by heart and in writing portions of the Koran. Palmer, who was deeply interested in education, was anxious to improve this system and it was natural that he should turn his eyes towards the Gordon College at Khartoum, where important steps had been taken to improve Muslim education in the Sudan. He therefore made an arduous and adventurous journey in 1918 across Central Africa from Borno by way of Wadai and Darfur to the Sudan. This visit bore fruit when a training college for Muslim teachers was opened in 1922 at Katsina and attracted a promising number of candidates.[1]
Publications
He wrote a number of translations of Arabic texts associated with the countries in which he worked:
History of the First Twelve Years of the Reign of Mai Idris Alooma of Bornu, Lagos (1926) reprinted London (1970)
Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan, 3 volumes, Lagos (1928), reprinted London (1967)
The Bornu, Sahara and Sudan, London (1936)
He wrote the Foreword and arranged the publication of The Occupation of the Hausaland: Being a Translation of Arabic letters found in the House of the Wazir of Sokoto, in 1903, collected by Major G Merrick and translated and edited by Mr H F Backwell, Lagos (1927).
He also contributed to anthropological journals:
Notes on some Asben records, Journal of the African Society vol 9 – 1909–10, – pp. 388–400
An early Fulani conception of Islam, Journal of African Society XIV, – 1914–15, – pp. 53–59
Western Sudan history : the Raudthât'ul Alfâri, Journal of the African Society15 -, 1915–16, – pp. 261–73
History of Katsina, Journal of the African Society, 26, 103, – April 1927, – pp. 216–236
The Kano Chronicle, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 38 – 1909 – pp. 58–98
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ric...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 5:18PM
Steve Williams
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Which was the most important item of trade a thousand years ago in west Africa? This is in a way a "chicken-and-egg" question, ultimately impossible to answer. From the perspective of the peoples of the hot climate of the Sudan and further south, salt from the mines of the Sahara was immensely valuable; chunks of salt broken from large salt bars were even used as currency.1 Gold exports received much attention from Arab geographers and travelers writing about the Sudan, and so likewise have been emphasized by historians relying on the Arabic sources. As important as gold was for the trans-Saharan trade, it was not, however, the only valuable metal which changed hands in Sudanic Africa. Iron seems to have been a critical factor in the early development of trade in the region, and as mentioned above, copper mined in savanna kingdoms such as Mali came to be a crucial element in trade patterns, for it could be exchanged with the peoples to the south who actually controlled the sources of gold.2 Writing in the fourteenth century, Al-Umari has left us vivid descriptions of such traffic in both salt and valuable metals. Kola nuts, animal skins, slaves, grain, meat, and even dairy products were also transported by trading networks.3
http://webusers.xula.edu/jrotondo/Kingdoms...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 5:56PM
Steve Williams
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Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-‘Abbās Aḥmad b. Faḍl Allāh al-‘Umarī (شهاب الدين أبو العبّاس أحمد بن فضل الله العمري), or simply al-‘Umarī, 1300 – 1384) was an Arab historian, born in Damascus. al-Umari visited Cairo shortly after the Malian Mansa Kankan Musa I's pilgrimage to Mecca, and his writings are one of the primary sources for this legendary hajj. In particular, al-Umari recorded that the Mansa dispensed so much gold that its value fell in Egypt for a decade afterward, a story that is often repeated in describing the wealth of the Mali Empire.[1]
al-Umari also recorded Kankan Musa's stories of the previous mansa; Kankan Musa claimed that the previous ruler had abdicated the throne to journey to a land across the ocean, leading contemporary Malian historian Gaoussou Diawara to theorize that Abubakari reached the Americas years before Christopher Columbus. Some of his work can be found in the Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihab_al-U...
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 6:09PM
Steve Williams
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Brother Steve,
Great post on how free black people came to the American's.
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 7:35PM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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I do not need a selfProfessed 'whiteMan' to Wikipedia me~
nonsense you jump all over the place
BOTTOM LINE, from 700-1492 --800 YEARS - AlIslaam Developed in AfricaAsia a CIVILIZATION that encompassed ALL the Family of Adaam(as) with the Greatest States, Greatest Rule for the Family of Adaam(as), the Development of Modern Science UNTIL the Barbaric hordes of europeanPagans MONSTERIZED the world and brought the Evil NEVER seen in Africa Asia
and your "black"Slaves love your racistlyIgnorant NONSENSE and do not know what it means
@ Steve Williams
Nice work
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 2:06PM
Sylvainy Soso
Brother Steve,
Great post on how free black people came to the American's.
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 7:35PM
Deacon Ron Gray
Again, serfs NO AFRICAN ASIAN called self "whiteBlackRedYellow" before paganChristian contact..........
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 9:05PM
powell robert
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Robert,
Do you have any comment about The information that was shared by Brother Steve?
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 9:15PM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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Thank you Brother Deacon.
Thursday, September 18th 2014 at 12:21AM
Steve Williams
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Robert,
This is a work in progress. Feel free to share.
Thursday, September 18th 2014 at 12:26AM
Steve Williams
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Have you happened to have to have read Sudanese Memoires?
Thursday, September 18th 2014 at 12:31AM
Steve Williams
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Robert,
Do you have any comment about The information that was shared by Brother Steve?
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 9:15PM
Deacon Ron Gray
yes
I do not need a selfProfessed 'whiteMan' to Wikipedia me~
nonsense you jump all over the place
BOTTOM LINE, from 700-1492 --800 YEARS - AlIslaam Developed in AfricaAsia a CIVILIZATION that encompassed ALL the Family of Adaam(as) with the Greatest States, Greatest Rule for the Family of Adaam(as), the Development of Modern Science UNTIL the Barbaric hordes of europeanPagans MONSTERIZED the world and brought the Evil NEVER seen in Africa Asia
and your "black"Slaves love your racistlyIgnorant NONSENSE and do not know what it means
@ Steve Williams
Nice work
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 2:06PM
Sylvainy Soso
Brother Steve,
Great post on how free black people came to the American's.
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 7:35PM
Deacon Ron Gray
Again, serfs NO AFRICAN ASIAN called self "whiteBlackRedYellow" before paganChristian contact..........
Thursday, September 18th 2014 at 8:19AM
powell robert
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POOR ROBERT,
I see that you are still suffering that behind kicking you took from Brother Johnson. BOTTOM LINE, you can't no farter from 700-1492 --800 YEARS. WOW!
Thursday, September 18th 2014 at 9:17AM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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what nonREADING, WRITING deacon of Ignorant LYING......?
POOR ROBERT,
I see that you are still suffering that behind kicking you took from Brother Johnson. BOTTOM LINE, you can't no farter from 700-1492 --800 YEARS. WOW!
Thursday, September 18th 2014 at 9:17AM
Deacon Ron Gray
the coward deeJohnson she/he/it has BLOCKED me for at least since the internet police made him take off the blagKing title......
the frightened child is BIG to you, cause YOU are HIS nonSPELLING, non-English Reading Cartoon............
Saturday, September 20th 2014 at 8:18PM
powell robert
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Brother Deacon,
The Muslims didn't get into the Western Sudan until around 1000 AD.
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 1:44AM
Steve Williams
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The story of Bagauda and his eleventh- and twelfth-century successors shows that the conflict was not so much one of traditional religions vs. Islam--which does not seem to have gained a strong foothold in Hausaland until the mid-fourteenth century--as rather a struggle for control of the traditional sacred sites themselves. Whether the first sarkis were descendants of immigrant newcomers is debatable, as the Kano Chronicle cannot be taken too literally, especially for this early period. It does show, however, that as these sarkis began to build city walls and gates, they were resisted by traditional authority figures whose power was centered on sacred groves and shrines in rural locations. These conflicts marked a pattern in early Hausa history, in which the efforts of city-building sarkis were challenged by dwellers of the countryside, pitting town and country against each other in a long struggle.2 With difficulty, the sarkis and their followers gained control over sacred sites or destroyed them, and so established walled towns as the enduring centers of power in Hausaland.
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 10:52AM
Steve Williams
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By ca. 1350, walled cities ruled by sarkis and enriched by the visits of merchants from across the Sahara and Sudan were firmly in place in Hausaland, and a new period in Hausa history was about to begin with the coming of Islam in the reign of sarki Yaji (1349-1385). Though Muslims had surely visited and resided in Hausaland before this time,1 widespread Islamization of the region seems to have begun here rather later than in Mali, Songhay, and Kanem-Bornu.
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 11:02AM
Steve Williams
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Hausa sarkis reacted to such threats to their position by turning to the one group of individuals whose loyalty they could rely on unquestionably: royal slaves. Enslavement of captives taken in war and raids was a constant in Sudanic history, as it was in much of the pre-modern world.12 The many local wars of Hausaland, both before and after the coming of Islam in the fourteenth century, no doubt contributed to a certain level of commerce in human beings, abetted by the blurred boundaries between war and trade in the "desert-edge" world of the Sudan.13 However, Hausaland was not based on a "slave economy" in early centuries.14 By the fifteenth century, though, raiding to fuel a rapidly growing slave trade was on the rise.15
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 11:13AM
Steve Williams
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Brother Deacon,
The Muslims didn't get into the Western Sudan until around 1000 AD.
Hausaland was not based on a "slave economy" in early centuries.14 By the fifteenth century, though, raiding to fuel a rapidly growing slave trade was on the rise.15
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 1:44AM
Steve Williams
First lying selfProfessed 'whiteMan' steve
---- 9/21/2014 ALL of the Republic of the Sudan except for the starving southSudanese 'christians' has been a people following AlQur'aan and the Sunnah of Mohamed(saw) for 1400+ YEARS continuously........
Second ---- there has NEVER been something in English called 'slavery' NOTHING like slaverAmericana1492-1864 practiced in ANY, ANY nation of Africa Asia...........Muslim, Hindu, Confusist, Taoist, Buddhist, paganIST.......
Shatter, you lying 'whiteSupremist' bully of BIA
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 9:01PM
powell robert
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YOU shatter Robert!
Sultan Mansa Suleiman was visited by a party of these negro cannibals... and gave them as his hospitality-gift a servant, a negress. They killed and ate her, and having smeared their faces and hands with her blood came to the sultan to thank him... Someone told me about them that they say that the choicest parts of women’s flesh are the palm of the hand and the breast...”
—Ibn Battuta, Rihla of Ibn Battuta[103]
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 10:53PM
Steve Williams
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party of these negro cannibals...
Sunday, September 21st 2014 at 10:53PM
Steve Williams
the same TRANSLATORS of the kingJamesVersion of EUROPEAN LIES and DECADENCE
release your deeJohnson Cartoon and let us explore slaverAmericana and prisoners of War against AlIslaam.....
".....ROBERT POWELL IS NOT ALLOWED TO COMMENT ON THIS SCHOLARSHIP INFORMATION ,I WILL NOT ALLOW IT TO BE TAINTED WITH HIS BULL**** NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ! AND THATS MY WORD SON !
Wednesday, October 24th 2012 at 12:28PM
David Johnson
.. Don't delete Robert's comments... He is adding substance from his religious views. I can't believe this blog has gotten this many hits. We all have different ideologies... Let's allow this blog to contain the many different beliefs... That's scholarship....
Saturday, August 2nd 2014 at 10:27PM
Cynthia Merrill Artis
David, I was hoping you would not misunderstand me. I meant what I said in an honest way, no reference to the past. Let me be clear, thank you David for bringing Christine to us.
Friday, November 5th 2010 at 12:11PM
Adam Fate
Christine, I did say "us", but I have not forgotten who is your audience. So I do not mean to be presumptuous.
Friday, November 5th 2010 at 12:35PM
Adam Fate
Well I miss her. Never would have gotten to where I am today in my studies without this blog. Thanks for the link.
Tuesday, October 23rd 2012 at 2:06PM
Steve Williams
Well cartoon of steve --- put a picture to your Madness and Delusions.........
Shatter, you lying 'whiteSupremist' bully of BIA
Monday, September 22nd 2014 at 8:07AM
powell robert
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As is your pattern Robert, you bring a lot of nothing. What Arabic word did Ibn Battuta use that is here translated "negro" and what is your translation?
Monday, September 22nd 2014 at 8:41AM
Steve Williams
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ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamedd ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī ṭṬanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah,, Ibn Battautha (ابن بطوطة) was a Moroccan(moorish) explorer of Berber descent.
Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battautha visited most of the known Islaamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands.
.......In Mogadishuan, Somalia, He described it as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, including Misr.
Ibn Battautha added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Sayx 'Umar, who was originally from Berbera in northern Somaliyah and spoke both Somali (referred to by Battuta as Mogadishan, the Benadir dialect of Somali and Arabic with equal fluency
In Quanzhou, China, Ibn Battautha was welcomed by the local Muslim Qadi "Fanzhang", Sheikh al-Islaam
Ibn Battautha travelled southwest along a river he believed to be the Nile (it was actually the river Niger), until he reached the capital of the Mali Empire. There he met Mansa Suleyman,
Truth,
shows us that he SPOKE in all the Muslims lands from northAfrica to eastChina ARABIC the Language of AlIslaam.
and since he was of AfricanAsian birth HE NEVER wrote --negro/black!
******negro/black are SPANISH and ENGLISH words with RACISTLY ignorant meanings for AfricanAmericans
YOU lying sack of druggedTrash
---shatter and leave the African American Site and return to your racistlyIGNORANT euroCENTRIC KKK origin...
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 8:23AM
powell robert
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What word Robert, what was the word he used that is here translated "negro"?
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 8:43AM
Steve Williams
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In 1965 and beyond a Polish archaeological team excavated at Niani, reputed to be the ancient capital of Mali. They discovered remains of buildings and other artifacts that showed a fairly intensive occupation of the site since the sixth century CE, though the site could not be classified as urban until much later, perhaps the fourteenth century. At its height, Niani comprised a number of densely occupied clusters scattered over the countryside, including a remarkable number of iron-producing sites, pointing to the town as a major industrial center. There are also evidences of an Islamic presence, supporting the idea that there was a Muslim or commercial town and a royal town, as well as other sites. These excavations provided the strongest support for the traditional claim that a state of some complexity pre-existed the imperial period in Mali's history.[4]
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Imperia...
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 9:12AM
Steve Williams
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What word Robert, what was the word he used that is here translated "negro"?
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 8:43AM
Steve Williams
you are NOT just racistlyIgnorant BUT just plain I G N O R A N T!
reread slowly -----
ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamedd ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī ṭṬanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah,, Ibn Battautha (ابن بطوطة) was a Moroccan(moorish) explorer of Berber descent.
he described the Misrians, Arabs, Somali, etal --- the SAME as he described HIMSELF..............
the Spanish and Italians that were RULED by Muslims from 720-1492 --800YEARS ---- use a word Negro which is translated for meaning by the English of kingJames versionists.......
ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamedd ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī ṭṬanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah,, Ibn Battautha (ابن بطوطة) NEVER used the word negro -- he did not speak Spanish
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 7:59PM
powell robert
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Nevermind Robert, thanks anyway.
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 9:03PM
Steve Williams
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Nevermind Robert, thanks anyway.
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 9:03PM
Steve Williams
YOU racistTRASH, leave this AFRICAN AMERICAN Family site with your DISRESPECTFUL nonsense and uncleTOM negro cartoons----siebra/deeJohnson/sosoDeacon/ and other littleBSBTOLD..............
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 8:25AM
powell robert
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Ibn Battuta arrives at the city of Mali, capital of the kingdom of Mali p 323-335.
Thus I reached the city of Malli [Mali], the capital of the king of the blacks. I stopped at the cemetery and went to the quarter occupied by the whites, where I asked for Muhammad ibn al-Faqih. I found that he had hired a house for me and went there. His son-in-law brought me candles and food, and next day Ibn al-Faqih himself came to visit me, with other prominent residents. I met the qadi of Malli, 'Abd ar-Rahman, who came to see me; he is a negro, a pilgrim, and a man of fine character. I met also the interpreter Dugha, who is one of the principal men among the blacks. All these persons sent me hospitality-gifts of food and treated me with the utmost generosity--may God reward them for their kindnesses!
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354...
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 11:26AM
Adam Fate
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That book by H.A. R. Gibb is an excellent book. I still have a copy of it in my library.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 12:32PM
Siebra Muhammad
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It seems to be currently out of print but I'll try to get one used.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 1:06PM
Adam Fate
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@Steve : As always you've presented a great topic for discussion and education.
Your topic has generated much interest for me in the Kings of the Past.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:05PM
MIISRAEL Bride
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Thanks Siebra, I will check it out.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:12PM
Adam Fate
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I'm glad you are enjoying it Miisrael, more to come.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:14PM
Adam Fate
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Wow Siebra, that's a great price. Thanks!
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:16PM
Adam Fate
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Stereotypical negros, Agreeing with anything 'white'
siebraMiirael -------- is it steveWilliams or adamFate you agree with or a dead negress........
I@Steve : As always you've presented a great topic for discussion and education.
Your topic has generated much interest for me in the Kings of the Past.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:05PM
MIISRAEL Bride
'm glad you are enjoying it Miisrael, more to come.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:14PM
Adam Fate
Wow Siebra, that's a great price. Thanks!
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:16PM
Adam Fate
or is it just RACIST IGNORANCE and its MISCONCEPTION that you agree with?
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 8:14PM
powell robert
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ROBERT,
If this information on this blog is wrong, this is a perfect time to refewt, rebuttel and proved your information and proof that information on this blog is wrong, can you do that, Robert? Prove your point Robert.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 8:24PM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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Robert, the Deacon awaits your response!
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 8:46PM
Siebra Muhammad
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if siebraDeacon were not fieldSlaves of steveFateAdam ---- they could READ English and understand the African Asian Arabic Language
above are MY COMMENTS ---- reread nonREADERS with NO mind for Truth
I responded to your 68 IQ retardant --------
harry take your racistly IGNORANT 'blackPeople'
look at this blaggette, by your brother steve.....and your sister siebraMIISRAEL agree with this whiteTRASH, potHead on teaching them african past AND they do not know if it a guy named steve or Adam..........
what Stereotypical negroid slaveFOOLISNESS..............
steve the negrosFate is writing that ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamed ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī Ṭanǧī Ibn Battautha ابن بطوطة) a Moroccan(moorish) explorer of Berber descent Whose language was Arabic went 200 miles South of his Home and called his fellow Muslim Arabic speaking Malians ----- PROBABLY his clan ; negros........and your siebraMIISRAEL thank steves racistLIES.................
The King of Ethiopia (385 hits)
Posted By: Steve Williams
Friday, August 15th 2014 at 8:37PM
H.A.R. Gibb, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 10:38AM
Adam Fate
Ibn Battuta arrives at the city of Mali, capital of the kingdom of Mali p 323-335.
Thus I reached the city of Malli [Mali], the capital of the king of the blacks. I stopped at the cemetery and went to the quarter occupied by the whites, where I asked for Muhammad ibn al-Faqih. I found that he had hired a house for me and went there. His son-in-law brought me candles and food, and next day Ibn al-Faqih himself came to visit me, with other prominent residents. I met the qadi of Malli, 'Abd ar-Rahman, who came to see me; he is a negro, a pilgrim, and a man of fine character. I met also the interpreter Dugha, who is one of the principal men among the blacks. All these persons sent me hospitality-gifts of food and treated me with the utmost generosity--may God reward them for their kindnesses!
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354...
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 11:26AM
Adam Fate
That book by H.A. R. Gibb is an excellent book. I still have a copy of it in my library.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 12:32PM
Siebra Muhammad
It seems to be currently out of print but I'll try to get one used.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 1:06PM
Adam Fate
I found the book at an online bookstore that I often purchase from. The store is located in New York, and their prices are reasonable (website takes a while to load):
http://www.printsasia.com/book/ibn-battuta...
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 6:43PM
Siebra Muhammad
@Steve : As always you've presented a great topic for discussion and education.
Your topic has generated much interest for me in the Kings of the Past.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:05PM
MIISRAEL Bride
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Thanks Siebra, I will check it out.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:12PM
Adam Fate
I'm glad you are enjoying it Miisrael, more to come.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:14PM
Adam Fate
Wow Siebra, that's a great price. Thanks!
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:16PM
Adam Fate
Stereotypical negros, Agreeing with anything 'white'
siebraMiirael -------- is it steveWilliams or adamFate you agree with or a dead negress........
I@Steve : As always you've presented a great topic for discussion and education.
Your topic has generated much interest for me in the Kings of the Past.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:05PM
MIISRAEL Bride
'm glad you are enjoying it Miisrael, more to come.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:14PM
Adam Fate
Wow Siebra, that's a great price. Thanks!
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 7:16PM
Adam Fate
or is it just RACIST IGNORANCE and its MISCONCEPTION that you agree with?
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 9:05PM
powell robert
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Robert, has Jake told you about his newest fake profile, his "big surprise", Steve Williams of Philadelphia? Have him remove it and I'll go back to my given name.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 9:24PM
Adam Fate
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Robert, we await 'your' translation of the Arabic.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 9:27PM
Adam Fate
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Robert, we await 'your' translation of the Arabic.
Wednesday, September 24th 2014 at 9:27PM
Adam Fate
any language YOU translate as
steveWilliams aka adamFate, aka biaNegroMaster, aka a potHead racistlyIgnorant selfProfessed 'whiteMan'
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 8:13AM
powell robert
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General History of Africa - Volume I - Methodology and African Prehistory
Vol. I: Table of Contents
Volume I of the UNESCO General History of Africa deals with the African prehistory and its methodology. The early part of the volume assesses the importance attached by African societies to their past and the growth and development in African historiography, together with a general outline of sources and techniques.
This is followed by accounts of the primary literary sources, the oral and living traditions and African archaeology and its techniques. Chapters 10-12 cover linguistics and migrations. Next come two chapters on historical geography and a discussion of the chronological framework that has been adopted.
The second half of the volume deals specifically with the earliest man and the prehistory of Africa according to geographical areas: North, South, East, West and Central with the Nile Valley singled out in particular. Chapters are devoted to prehistoric art, agricultural techniques and the development of metallurgy.
Each chapter is highly illustrated with maps, figures, diagrams and a selection of black and white photographs. The text is fully annotated and there is an extensive bibliography and index.
Read the complete volume Online
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/theme...
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 8:19AM
Adam Fate
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steve the negrosFate is writing that ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamed ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī Ṭanǧī Ibn Battautha ابن بطوطة) a Moroccan(moorish) explorer of Berber descent Whose language was Arabic went 200 miles South of his Home and called his fellow Muslim Arabic speaking Malians ----- PROBABLY his clan ; negros........and your siebraMIISRAEL thank steves racistLIES.................
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 8:21AM
powell robert
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ROBERT,
I see that you have not refuted, rebutted and presented any material proofing that information on this blog is wrong yet but you have thrown this rock again and hid your hand, never once posting any evidence that Brother Steve’s research on The King of Ethiopia is wrong.
Here’s what you did, you talked all around the issue by posting words from Sister Siebra Muhammad, Sister MIISRAEL Bride and Brother Steve and you even talked about Brother Harry but never refuted, disproved, contested, rebutted, contradicted, or negated Brother Steve’s information, never once.
What you are doing is setting your ass on the side lines taking pot shots at Brother Steve’s information that Black people have navigated the Atlantic Ocean and found the America’s thousands of years before Columbus, the slave trade and what the BLACK MAN brought with them like the calendar, pyramid engineering, writing, and agricultural science to the America’s which you can see the evidence today by just hopping your global trotting racist ass on a Jet and see for yourself. I know for a fact that you will find this to be true because I have been to Brazil and saw the amazing calendar, pyramid engineering with my own eyes.
What you are trying to do is shoot the messenger and not the message. If the message is the truth, then it is the truth no matter who brings it. If your momma brought us the evidence and it was the truth about the progress and the discoveries of Black people thousands of years before the Europeans came out of the mountains, you would have a hard time believing her because of her skin color, wouldn’t you?
ROBERT, as a people we must forgive the pass, educate ourselves and be aware of false clairvoyants, False Prophets, false wisdoms, false teachings and as elders of our families we must be open to the truth regardless who may bring it. All white people are not evil and all Black people are not saints neither.
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 12:35PM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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ROBERT,
I see that you have not refuted, rebutted
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 12:35PM
Deacon Ron Gray
I REFUTE and REBUTT everything that the steveFate FRAUD has presented about ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamed ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī Ṭanǧī Ibn Battautha ابن بطوطة) a Moroccan(moorish) explorer of Berber descent Whose language was Arabic went 200 miles South of his Home and called his fellow Muslim Arabic speaking Malians ----- PROBABLY his clan ; negros........
NO African Asian before the sighting of the EUROPEAN racistlyIGNORANT evil paganChristian CALLED self 'blackWHITEredYELLOW'---*--------THAT IS A FACT ---- you believe steveFate that their were
cause YOU deasonSoso cannot READ or COMPREHEND just as the africanSlave of paganChristianity believed rape, torture and murder WAS Christianity --- 1492-1864(1964)
I KNOW that African Asians interacted with Natives in America!
http://blackinamerica.com/content/234074/t...
http://blackinamerica.com/content/211173/i...
but a selfProfessed 'whiteMan' at BIA, an African American Family site blagging Civilitir Mortuus and calling me a ***** --- is personal in BIA, NY, LA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI etc
................ evilSteveFate is a MONSTER of racistIgnorance and you are his slaveIMPS............
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 7:40PM
powell robert
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Poor Robert,
Thank you for your links because I see all kind of contradictions in your statements now for example:
YOUR WORDS: WOW, Steve---you are a Better Research than me, by miles
As research shows with the Great Oceanic Voyages of the Great African Empires above, and History of our African descendants shows that the first Call to Prayer that Bilal(ra) performed for the Believers in Meccah in the 7th Century was Also the First Monotheistic Call to Prayer performed in the Land that would be called America.
Thursday, October 18th 2012 at 9:28AM
powell robert
Brother Steve was a White man then when you was exchanging research and Brother Steve is still a white man now, what happened ROBERT?
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 8:21PM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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Finally Robert. I couldn't remember the title but was afraid to ask.
Thursday, September 25th 2014 at 10:33PM
Adam Fate
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harry's dumbArses steveAdamDeacon
---- steveAdam fate does not even know the name, language or people that ʾAbū Abd alLah Mohamed ibn ʿAbd alLāh lLawātī Ṭanǧī Ibn Battautha ابن بطوطة) a Moroccan(moorish) explorer of Berber descent came from
deacon nonreader steveORadam---which is it
adamFate is a marijuana stay at home NO WORKING n*gga that should be able to spend more time on the internet and at BIA disrespecting African American Families----you are just a harry dumbarse
steveAdamDeaconHarry --- ARE racistly IGNORANT 'blackWhite' writers at an African American Family SITE----OK
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 8:23AM
powell robert
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Deacon, I could tell you what has caused Robert's breakdown, but it would be better for him if he did some self-reflection.
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 8:48AM
Adam Fate
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Robert, I guess it will have to be Adam. Jake refuses to be a man.
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 9:48AM
Adam Fate
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Poor baby, glued to his PC just watching my every move.
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 10:03AM
Adam Fate
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Recent trends in African historiography and their contribution to history in general
P. D. CURTIN
This volume, like the volumes to follow, was planned to show the African past from an African point of view. This is a correct perspective, perhaps the only approach possible to an international effort; it is also the dominant approach among historians of Africa, both in Africa and overseas. For Africans, to know about the past of their own societies is a form of self- knowledge crucial to a sense of identity in a diverse and rapidly changing world. A recovery of African history has been an important part of African development over recent decades, not an expensive frill that could be set aside until more pressing aspects of development were well in hand. This is why historians in Africa and overseas werefirstconcerned to step across the remains of colonial history and begin again with the historical experience of African peoples. Other chapters and other volumes will deal with this recovery, with history as a living tradition that stillflourishes,with the role of historical knowledge in building n e w educational systems fo r independent Africa. This chapter, however, is concerned with the meaning of African history,firstfor the international community of historians and secondly for the broader educated public outside Africa.
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 9:47PM
Adam Fate
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Robert, I guess it will have to be Adam. Jake refuses to be a man.
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 9:48AM
Adam Fate
Deacon, I could tell you what has caused Robert's breakdown, but it would be better for him if he did some self-reflection.
Friday, September 26th 2014 at 8:48AM
Adam Fate
ok JOE,
I NEVER would associate with psychotic DOPE heads in the REAL WORLD, so I have to SHUT adamSteveSiebraDeeSosoBsBtold toDeacon---- OUT
..I would in the REAL WORLD help a mentallyChallenged man like harry of hawking--- so goodbye BOZO fate...
Saturday, September 27th 2014 at 2:42PM
powell robert
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Ok Bobby,
This time cut out the cut and pasted section of all Unrelated blogs, you don't need to hide yourself Robert. My question was this: Brother Steve was a White man then when you was exchanging research and Brother Steve is still a white man now, what happened ROBERT?
Saturday, September 27th 2014 at 3:08PM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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I was born in Europe LONG ago!
to many racistlyIgnorants --- I am 'white'----from the reincarnated one to deeJohnsons cartoon bsbTold
to other racistlyIgnorants --- I am 'black' --- from the 68 IQ one to steve OR fate Sybil
to other racistlyIgnorants --- I am 'redNecked' --- from those that stir my imagination
to other racistlyIgnorants --- I am 'mellowYellow' --- from the reincarnated family deeJohnsSiebra
YOUR brother steve, a selfProfessed 'whiteMan' and dopeHead is Unrelated to me
AND
he IS on 9/27/2014PM the GREATEST europeanRacistly Ignorant euroCENTRIC researcher at BIA, an African American Family site, with a Preamble to SHATTER stereotypicalMisconceptions from European racist paganChristian dominination of the African American ancestors since slaverAmericana 1492-1864(1964)
Saturday, September 27th 2014 at 7:17PM
powell robert
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Bobby,
You guys was exchanging good history and information then, what happen? here's my proof your provided me from your links:
YOUR WORDS: WOW, Steve---you are a Better Research than me, by miles
As research shows with the Great Oceanic Voyages of the Great African Empires above, and History of our African descendants shows that the first Call to Prayer that Bilal(ra) performed for the Believers in Meccah in the 7th Century was Also the First Monotheistic Call to Prayer performed in the Land that would be called America.
Thursday, October 18th 2012 at 9:28AM
powell robert
What Happened?
Sunday, September 28th 2014 at 9:57AM
Dea. Ron Gray Sr.
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As research shows with the Great Oceanic Voyages of the Great African Empires above, and History of our African descendants shows that the first Call to Prayer that Bilal(ra) performed for the Believers in Meccah in the 7th Century was Also the First Monotheistic Call to Prayer performed in the Land that would be called America.
Thursday, October 18th 2012 at 9:28AM
powell robert
What Happened?
Sunday, September 28th 2014 at 9:57AM
Deacon Ron Gray
steve OR fateEbola IS still 9-28-2014---the best Researcher at BIA, for racistlYIGNORANT Eurocentric 'whiteSupremist' paganChristian Doctrine......slavery Justification CIVILITER MORTUUS and highFIVE to his selfProfessed 'whiteCountryPreacher' who called me a *****
but deaconDeeJohnson YOU lit into steve OR fate WAY before I did............stop your clowning you frightened little kingBlag she/he/it
Sunday, September 28th 2014 at 8:17PM
powell robert
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Just wondering Robert. Is it possible to communicate without all the superfluous adjectives and innuendo?
Sunday, September 28th 2014 at 8:23PM
Adam Fate
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IRON IN AFRICA: REVISING THE HISTORY (221 hits)
IRON IN AFRICA: REVISING THE HISTORY
24-06-2002 10:00 pm Paris - Africa developed its own iron industry some 5,000 years ago, according to a formidable new scientific work from UNESCO Publishing that challenges a lot of conventional thinking on the subject. Iron technology did not come to Africa from western Asia via Carthage or Merowe as was long thought, concludes "Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique, Une ancienneté méconnue: Afrique de l'Ouest et Afrique centrale". The theory that it was imported from somewhere else, which - the book points out - nicely fitted colonial prejudices, does not stand up in the face of new scientific discoveries, including the probable existence of one or more centres of iron-working in west and central Africa andthe Great Lakes area.
The authors of this joint work, which is part of the "Iron Roads in Africa" project (see box), are distinguished archaeologists, engineers, historians, anthropologists and sociologists. As they trace the history of iron in Africa, including many technical details and discussion of the social, economic and cultural effects of the industry, they restore to the continent "this important yardstick of civilisation that it has been denied up to now," writes Doudou Diène, former head ofUNESCO's Division of Intercultural Dialogue, who wrote the book's preface.
But the facts speak for themselves. Tests on material excavated since the 1980s show that iron was worked at least as long ago as 1500 BC at Termit, in eastern Niger, while iron did not appear in Tunisia or Nubia before the 6th century BC. At Egaro, west of Termit, material has been dated earlier than 2500 BC, which makes African metalworking contemporary with that of the Middle East.
The roots of metallurgy in Africa go very deep. However, French archaeologist Gérard Quéchon cautions that "having roots does not mean they are deeper than those of others," that "it is not important whether African metallurgy is the newest or the oldest" and that if new discoveries "show iron came from somewhere else, this would not make Africa less or more virtuous."
"In fact, only in Africa do you find such a range of practices in the process of direct reduction [a method in which metal is obtained in a single operation without smelting],and metal workers who were so inventive that they could extract iron in furnaces made out of the trunks of banana trees," says Hamady Bocoum, one of the authors.
This ingenuity was praised in the early 19th century by the Tunisian scholar Mohamed el-Tounsy, who told of travelling in Chad and Sudan and coming across spears and daggers made "with the skill of the English" and iron piping with "bends and twists like some European pipes, but more elegant and graceful and shining so brightly they seem to be made of silver."
There is a true iron culture in Africa. In many communities, iron is so revered it has been given divine status. In Nigeria's Yoruba country, forges became the symbol of royalty at the end of the 9th century and Ogun, the god of iron, became the protector of the kingdom. Even today, Ogun is the chief deity of anyone working with iron.
The role of blacksmiths is very important in African culture. In the Yatenga region of northern Burkina Faso, Bamogo, the ancestor of blacksmiths, is considered the saviour of humanity. It is he who supposedly makes the knife that cuts the umbilical cord, the axe that chops wood, the pick used to till the soil or help dig a grave - all of them instruments of fundamental importance for people.
According to Pierre de Maret, who teaches at the Free University of Brussels, the Bantu people spread across central Africa "because of their superiority as farmers, achieved by using metal to clear forest areas, and the military superiority they acquired from having iron weapons."
Among the Yoruba, it seems equally clear that the unification of the country by supporters of Oduduwa in the 10th century was very largely due to military dominance gained through the use of iron, says Isaac Adeagbo Akinjogbin, of Obafemi Awolowo University, in Ile-Ife (Nigeria). Under the Oduduwa dynasty, each kingdom had enough foundries and forges to produce all the metal tools it needed.
"In 17th and 18th century Africa, at the height of the transatlantic slave trade, the Yoruba continued to use iron they produced themselves, regarding imported iron as religiously impure and 'unresponsive.'"
Iron technology became a key part of African spiritual life and these skills have persisted to this day. Just like their ancestors, who had "the habit of gathering bits of metal of different kinds and origins to make into new objects," says Bocoum," today's craftsmen have incorporated traditional know-how in the production of modern tools.
Associations of blacksmiths, such as the one in the Medina district of Bamako, are flourishing, and turning out all kinds of everyday metal objects, mainly from scrap. Though it seemed to be disappearing at one stage because it was not commercially competitive, iron craftsmanship is today enjoying a revival in Africa.
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=...
Posted By: Adam Fate
Wednesday, November 10th 2010 at 9:57PM
http://blackinamerica.com/content/187234/i...
Monday, September 29th 2014 at 7:31AM
Adam Fate
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Just wondering Robert. Is it possible to communicate without all the superfluous adjectives and innuendo?
Sunday, September 28th 2014 at 8:23PM
Adam Fate
this is BIA, an African American Family site to SHATTER stereotypical, misconceptions of the past
which adjective is hard or you a selfProfessed 'whiteMan' to accept?
I no longer will respond to your FALSE and SIMPLELY disrespectful blags ----YOU LIE
answer me on the 'kingOf Ethiopia is NONSENSE' blag of your BULLIED and selfProfessed 68 IQ Retardant
AS
adam OR steve OR jackArse OR deeJohnsonsSiebra bsbtold
or any cartoon you wish to develop
Monday, September 29th 2014 at 8:25AM
powell robert
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Dialogue between cultures and civilizations as a foundation of lasting peace is one of the most fertile intuitions of the founders of the United Nations Educa- tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). And, in the words of the UNESCO Constitution, ‘it is central to constructing the defences of peace in the minds of men’.
UNESCO should promote such dialogue among cultures and civilizations as a matter of urgency, in particular in response to Samuel Huntington’s theory of the clash of civilizations. Thus, the time has come for a critical, positive reflec- tion on the concept of civilization, which has too often been the target of intel- lectual and historical manipulation seeking to legitimize all manner of political domination and discrimination. It is this context that gives the Iron Roads in Africa project its profound significance and scope. The ultimate aim is to adopt a rigorous, interdisciplinary and international scientific approach to restore to Africa that profound marker of civilization thus far denied to it: iron. Scientific knowledge, science, skills, know-how, technology, society, myth and cosmog- ony: all of these ‘fields’ – in Pierre Bourdieu’s sense of the word – are structured and endowed with significance by iron. For Africa, there are some essential issues at stake: historical truth, recognition of its heritage and the possibility of revital- ization through its endogenous mastery and knowledge of iron.
Monday, September 29th 2014 at 8:03PM
Adam Fate
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OFF SUBJECT means you have lost your argument in debate, correct steve Or adam
".....UNESCO should promote such dialogue among cultures and civilizations as a matter of urgency, in particular in response to Samuel Huntington’s theory .......The ultimate aim is to adopt a rigorous, interdisciplinary and international scientific approach to restore to Africa that profound marker of civilization...'
Monday, September 29th 2014 at 8:03PM
Adam Fate
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization SHOULD UNDO the colonialERA Lines of divisions between the great Civilizations and Cultures of AfricaAsia.........
Monday, September 29th 2014 at 8:42PM
powell robert
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The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Tuesday, September 30th 2014 at 3:32AM
Adam Fate
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Robert, I would love to discuss, for instance, Libya vis-a-vis Barack Obama, but that's not what this blog is about.
Tuesday, September 30th 2014 at 3:39AM
Adam Fate
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In his paper on ‘Iron Metallurgy Datings from Termit (Niger): Their Relia- bility and Significance’, which focuses on the region of West Africa, and Niger in particular, Quéchon reviews the research carried out at both Termit and Egaro and rightly notes the high recurrence of dates, which dispels any doubt as to the cultural contexts associated with the earliest iron objects in those regions. Copper and iron objects first appeared in 1500 B.C. in this region, where tech- nical installations (forges) have been dated to 800 B.C.
The paper by Person and Quéchon on ‘Chronometric and Chronological Data on Metallurgy at Termit’ is particularly instructive in its chronological approach. The main feature is a graph of date clusters for the earliest Iron Age sites, complementing and enlarging on Quéchon’s conclusions. The authors convincingly demonstrate the homogeneity of the Termit series, for which there is a high degree of consistency in the dates – spanning the period 3300 B.P. to 1400 B.P.5 – accompanied by a remarkable cultural continuity. In respect of other chronological evidence, the dates available for the region of Central Africa (Clist, 1995; de Maret, 1996; Woodhouse, 1998) are as ancient as those obtained in West Africa, while Gabon and Cameroon also yield very early dates. This leads to the logical conclusion that there neither North Africa nor Meroe provided entry points for iron into Africa, because the continent itself, in view of chronological and cultural consistencies noted, provides sufficient evidence to support the hypothesis of independent invention.
Tuesday, September 30th 2014 at 4:47AM
Adam Fate
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Iron Metallurgy in Africa: A Heritage and a Resource for Development
Hamady Bocoum
The history of sub-Saharan African metallurgy, written too summarily in the early years of the last century on the basis of a few fragmentary texts and all too brief archaeological soundings (in many cases designed to confirm what was assumed to be known in an all-prevailing diffusionist climate) has already been, and will undoubtedly continue to be, subject to much revision.1 As increasingly consistent data are gathered pointing to the autonomy of African ironworking, the latter might indeed proceed from several independent centres. However, the interest of African metallurgy does not derive solely from this chronological dimension. It also stems from the technological continuum that today still allows us to observe in vivo pyrotechnic traditions affording exceptional oppor- tunities for studying one of humanity’s most decisive technical achievements: the mastery of iron. It lies too in the remarkable adaptability of iron craftspeople who, faced with shortages of all kinds, still manage to keep the flame of inge- nuity burning in Africa.
1. In 1971 Mauny, one of the founders of West African archaeology, published a rather pessimistic work entitled Les siècles obscurs de l’Afrique Noire (Black Africa’s dark centuries), in which he expressed the researcher’s bewilderment at the scarcity of sources in certain fields. Two decades later, in 1988, McIntosh and McIntosh partly responded, in ‘From siècles obscurs to revolutionary centuries on the Middle Niger’, to the concerns voiced in that pioneering work by highlighting all that archaeological research had been able to contribute to knowledge of the societies of the Middle Niger. In point of fact, archaeology is constantly providing new revela- tions in every field of research: revelations whose importance, given the enormity of work to be done, is unlikely to fade in the foreseeable future.
Saturday, October 4th 2014 at 2:54AM
Steve Williams
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Joe Fossett’s own training probably began in earnest in 1796. In his Farm Book, Jefferson had penned a script for the childhood of his slaves: “Children till 10. years to serve as nurses. From 10. to 16. the boys make nails, the girls spin. At 16. go into the ground or learn trades.” In 1796 Fossett— now sixteen— was issued overalls instead of his usual house servants’ clothing allowance, and for several years he divided his time between nail making— becoming a foreman of nailers— and learning the blacksmithing trade. He first worked under Isaac Jefferson’s brother George Granger and in 1801 began his training under a remarkable new teacher, William Stewart. Jefferson had found “the best workman in America, but the most eccentric one” in Philadelphia and employed him for six years— “several years longer than he would otherwise have done,” wrote Edmund Bacon, “in order that his own servants might learn his trade thoroughly.” Drink was Stewart’s downfall, and when he got into “his idle frolics,” Joe Fossett had to carry forward the work of the blacksmith shop on his own. When Jefferson’s patience ran out at the end of 1807, Stewart was dismissed and Fossett became the head blacksmith, running the shop until Jefferson’s death. Bacon described Fossett as “a very fine workman; could do anything it was necessary to do with steel or iron.”
Sunday, October 5th 2014 at 6:14PM
Steve Williams
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OFF SUBJECT, steve OR fate OR Liar
Subject is king of ETHIOPIA
"......The earliest use of the word Ethiopia, as far as pres¬ent records reveal, is found in lhe Iliad and the Odys¬sey of Homer......"
Wednesday, September 17th 2014 at 2:53PM
David Johnson
Saturday, September 27th 2014 at 7:33PM
Adam Fate
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/...
1Ethi·o·pi·an
noun
Definition of ETHIOPIAN
1 : a member of any of the mythical or actual peoples usually described by the ancient Greeks as dark-skinned and living far to the south
2 archaic : a black person
First Known Use of ETHIOPIAN--------------13th century
THIS IS WHAT websterDictionary --- generally considered Factual
the selfProfessed 'blackMan' and paganPharoahnic believer deeJohnson and his brother selfProfessed 'whiteMan' CLAIM that EUROPEAN paganGreek thinking is Best OVER the Actual people of AfricaAsia.......the paganGreeks that are KNOWN for the LIES of Homer---cyclops, kraken, Illiad
then the selfProfessed 'BlackJew'----honors his got/god/gawd with this?:
"....what Brother Steve is talking about is true history ....."
Saturday, September 27th 2014 at 7:49PM
Deacon Ron Gray
deacon I know that you grab the first 'selfProfessed' 'whiteMan' next to you to READ, Understand and Think but as you can see from Webster Dictionary
ethiopia is a paganGreek word, a mythical cyclops word, NOT true and first used in 13th century
THERE NEVER was a king of ETHIOPIA
Sunday, October 5th 2014 at 8:08PM
powell robert
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powell robert, THE king OF makeUpWords.
Monday, October 6th 2014 at 4:25AM
Steve Williams
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powell robert, THE king OF makeUpWords.
Monday, October 6th 2014 at 4:25AM
Steve Williams
steveOrAdam OR just LIAR king of biaFalsehood and biaEBOLA patient 0
Tuesday, October 7th 2014 at 8:10AM
powell robert
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African masonry and metalworking skills eventually helped erect great stone forts at Havana, Santo Domingo, San Juan, Cartagena, Acapulco, and St. Augustine, as well as many minor constructions in lesser ports along the threatened coasts. The Spaniards launched the construction of St. Augustine's massive stone fort, the Castillo de San Marcos, in 1672...
In 1687 Florida's governor, Diego de Quiroga, reported to Spain that eight men, two women, and a nursing child had escaped from Carolina to St. Augustine in a stolen canoe and were requesting baptism into the "True Faith"...
Governor Quiroga accordingly saw to the runaways' Catholic instruction, baptism, and marriage, but he also took advantage of their skills. The men became ironsmiths and laborers on the Castillo de San Marcos, and the women became domestics in the governor's own household. Florida's authorities claimed to have paid all of them wages; the men earned a peso a day, the wage paid to male Indian laborers, and the women earned half as much...
Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida
Monday, October 13th 2014 at 11:20AM
Steve Williams
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Although in its decree [November 7, 1693] the Spanish crown emphasized religious and humane reasons for freeing the slaves of the British, political and military motives were equally, if not more, important. In harboring the runaways and eventually settling them in their own town, Florida's governors were following the Spanish policy of repoblacion, populating and holding territory threatened by foreign encroachment. But if the interests of Spain and Florida were served by this policy, so too were those of the ex-slaves. It offered them a refuge within which they could live free and maintain their families. In the highly politicized context of Spanish Florida, they struggled to maximize their leverage in the community and improve the conditions of their freedom. They made creative use of Spanish institutions to support their corporate identity and concomitant privileges. They adapted to Spanish values where it served them to do so and, thereby, gained autonomy. They reinforced ties within their original community through intermarriage and use of the Spanish institution of godparenthood or compadrazgo. And over time, they formed intricate new kin and friendship networks with slaves, free blacks, Indians of various nations, "new" Africans, and whites in St. Augustine that served to stabilize their population and strengthen connections to the Spanish community.
Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida
Wednesday, October 15th 2014 at 9:28AM
Steve Williams
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