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After the death of Twtankhamen, his uncle Aye reigned for four years before he disappeared from the scene. Horemheb ascended to the throne at that time. Horemheb was an army general and obtained his right to the throne by marrying Queen Nefertiti’s sister, Mutnedjemet
Posted By: Sylvainy R
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:21PM
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Kings of the Later 18th and Early 19th Dynasties
King Length of reign Dates
Twthmosis III (DAVID) 54 1490-1436 BCE
Amenhotep II 23 1436-1413 BCE
Twthmosis IV 8 1413-1405 BCE
Amenhotep III (SOLOMON) 38 1405-1367 BCE
Akhenaton (MOSES) (alone) 6 1367-1361 BCE
Semenkhkare - 1361-1361 BCE
Twtankhamen (JESUS) 9 1361-1352 BCE
Aye (EPHRAIM) 4 1352-1348 BCE
Horemheb 13 1348-1335 BCE
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:22PM
Sylvainy R
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At the death of Horemheb, Egypt was left without a legitimate heir to the throne. Pa-Ramses, by now an old man, found an opportunity to claim the throne for himself, as the first ruler of a new Dynasty, the 19th.
Pharaoh Who Knew Not Joseph
The Bible never named this Pharaoh and referred to him as “Pharaoh Who Knew Not Joseph”. Would it not been easier to call him by his name? Based on historical circumstantial evidence, he is identified in Egyptian records as Pa-Ramses (Ramses I).
The Bible tells us that when the Pharaoh of Oppression died, God sent Moses on a mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. God told Moses,
“Come now therefore, and I will send thee unto Pharaoh, that thou mayest bring forth my people the children of Israel out of Egypt.” Exodus 3:10
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:22PM
Sylvainy R
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God also reassured Moses that his life would not be in any danger if he returned to Egypt because “all those who wished to kill you are dead”.
The particulars of the events indicate that Moses/Akhenaton had different objectives. Moses/Akhenaton, who had been in hiding in the wilderness for about a quarter of a century, found an opportunity to restore himself to the throne, as the legal heir. He decided to try to reclaim his throne from Ramses I (same as Pa-Ramses
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:23PM
Sylvainy R
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And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well ...” Exodus, 4:14
His second problem was to reach a compromise between his religious beliefs and those of the Israelites. The following passages from the Old Testament, do not make any sense because one doesn’t expect a Jewish leader to have such a religious problem with his own people.
Let us follow the strange passage from the Old Testament
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:23PM
Sylvainy R
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1. “And Moses said unto God, Behold when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them?”
“And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM (i.e. Jehovah) hath sent me unto you.” Exodus, 3:13-14
2. Three chapters later, in the same Book of Exodus, we face a stranger passage:
“And I appeared unto Abraham, and unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JE-HO-VAH was I not known to them.” Exodus, 6:3
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:24PM
Sylvainy R
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TELL THE TRUTH AND SHAME THAT BIBLE AND ITS LIES !
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:24PM
DAVID JOHNSON
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The contents of the last passage, in which God informs Moses that he never appeared to the patriarchs by the name Jehovah, is really strange, because the name Jehovah was used in several chapters, of the preceding Book of Genesis, in the Bible.
It seems that Akhenaton would not reject the name of his God, the Aten, for the purpose of gaining the
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:25PM
Sylvainy R
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The Face-Off
Moses’ mission was not just a case of getting the Israelites out of Egypt. There was some type of contest, as acknowledged in the biblical description of the events.
The following is the more logical sequence of events:
Moses went to Zarw (Goshen region) to present his case that after the death of Horemheb, he was the ‘legitimate heir’ (which means Mos in ancient Egypt) and that Pa-Ramses had no just right to the throne. Since Moses was in hiding for 25 years, in Sinai, he had to prove his qualifications to the throne. The Egyptian priests and elders were there to judge and not to perform magic. Moses made his case as follows
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:26PM
Sylvainy R
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A. He showed that he was a King by presenting his staff topped by a brass serpent, the symbol of Pharaonic authority that also identified him as the son of Amenhotep III.
There was no magic rod, as is also evident in the following documents.
1. The Hebrew word used in the Bible to indicate the rod of Moses is ‘nahash’, which has the meanings of both ‘serpent’ and ‘brass’. The Haggadah, the legendary part of the Talmud, confirms the royal character of Moses’s rod: “The rod which Moses used ... was shaped and engraved in the image of a scepter.”
2. More affirmation of the point is made in the second Book of Kings, 18:3-4:
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:26PM
Sylvainy R
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Exodus
Moses and his followers may have made their way to Sinai via the marshy area, to the south of Zarw and north of Lake Temsah and present-day Ismailia.
This is the possible location for the biblical account of the “miraculous” crossing of the Red Sea by Moses and his people, and the subsequent drowning of the Pharaoh and his army, for the Egyptian chariots would get stuck in the mud. The Israelites, traveling on foot, would be able to cross safely.
Egyptian records show no evidence of this event, but the short reign of Ramses I (c. 1335-1333 BCE) came to an end upon his death and can be logically related to these events.
The combination of the name, the life, the nature of reign and the sudden death of Ramses I, is one of the important pieces of the puzzle in the identification of the Pharaohs in the Bible.
The combination between matching available records, the process of elimination of other possible characters, and the records of such characters, identify Ramses I as the biblical “Pharaoh Who Knew Not Joseph”.
Although Sinai was a part of Egypt, it did not have a resident governor. During the 18th and 19th Dynasties the area was placed under the control of two officials, the Royal Messenger in All Foreign Lands and the Royal Chancellor
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:27PM
Sylvainy R
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Seti I’s war scenes, on the exterior north wall of the great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak, show that his first campaign against the Shasu occurred when they attempted to reach Canaan via the Road of Heru(Horus), the ancient highway connecting Egypt with western Asia.
This took place immediately after the Exodus from Egypt, possibly when they trespassed to obtain water from military settlements along that road. Seti I chased them as far as the city of Canaan, Gaza, and, as a result, killed their leader, Moses, and many of his followers. Subsequently, they fled into Sinai for what the Old Testament calls ‘the forty years of wandering’.
To further prove that the Shasu and the Israelites are the same group of people, scholars studied:
1. The Shasu appearance in Sinai, in Year 1 of Seti I’s reign, and their subsequent movements over the next 100 years. This information was provided from ancient Egyptian records.
2. The biblical accounts of the Exodus and their subsequent movements over 100 years.
Scholars concluded that both of them followed the same route at exactly the same time sequence, i.e. the Shasu and the Israelites are one and the same group of people.
It was about 100 years after the Seti I wars against the Shasu, and the settling of the Israelites in Canaan, over the span of many years, that the Egyptian records recognized the name Israel, on the so-called Israel Stela. (Read more about it under the chapter, Israel Stela.)
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:28PM
Sylvainy R
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It is irrational to believe that God would punish Moses for providing water for his thirsty people. It is more logical to believe that trespassing onto Egyptian water wells, may cause the authorities to punish him for such a violation.
The Talmud provides a different account than the Old Testament of how Moses died. There is a Talmudic reference to a confrontation and a struggle between Moses and the ‘Angel of Death’ on the Mount before he died. This had persuaded some biblical scholars to believe that Moses was killed.
It seems more likely that Moses, using his royal scepter (symbol of authority), entered one or more of the Egyptian fortresses along Horus Road to obtain water from their wells.
Such actions were reported to Seti I, who reacted by chasing the Shasu, here identified as the Israelites, into northern Sinai. If these Talmudic references to the death of Moses are correct, it must have been there that Moses died, at the hand of Seti I, out of sight of his followers.
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:41PM
Sylvainy R
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19th Dynasty
Ramses I 2 1335-1333 BCE
Seti I 29 1333-1304 BCE
Ramses II 67 1304-1237 BCE
Pharaoh of Oppression
The Bible never named this Pharaoh and referred to him only as the “Pharaoh of Oppression”. Based on historical circumstantial evidence he is identified, in Egyptian records, as Horemheb.
Horemheb appointed Pa-Ramses, the head of his army, as mayor of Zarw. It may have been Pa-Ramses who, on Horemheb’s orders, treated the Israelites harshly and made them work to rebuild Zarw, as well as a new settlement, known later as Pi-Ramses. Pi-Ramses became the main residence in the Eastern Delta for Pharaohs of the 19th and 20th Egyptian Dynasties, and it was also the starting point of the Exodus, according to the Bible.
Thirteen years passed before Horemheb, the biblical Pharaoh of Oppression, died:
“And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed under the bondage ...” Exodus 2:23
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:42PM
Sylvainy R
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Thirteen years passed before Horemheb, the biblical Pharaoh of Oppression, died:
“And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed under the bondage ...” Exodus 2:23
Preparation for the Face-Off
After spending about 25 years hiding in the wilderness and fearful for his life, the biblical Moses began the preparation for a come-back. Strangely enough, his fear for his life was totally gone, and he was not worried about confronting Ramses I.
His only problems, according to the Bible, were how to succeed, in obtaining the support of the Israelites!
Logically, it was the Egyptian Akhenaton (not the biblical Moses) who needed the support of the Israelites. After being rejected by the majority of Egyptians, Akhenaton decided to choose the Israelites as his own people. When the time came to challenge the new Pharaoh, his main concern was not a confrontation with Ramses I, but to acquire the backing of the Israelites.
He had two problems
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:47PM
Sylvainy R
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His first problem was that he did not speak the Israelites’ language sufficiently well. Moses/Akhenaton complained about the difficulty in communicating with the Israelites:
“And Moses said unto the Lord, 0 my Lord, I am not eloquent ... I am slow of speech and of a slow tongue.” Exodus, 4:10
Aaron, the Israelite feeding brother of his early childhood, was called upon to be his spokesman:
support of the Israelites. Therefore an outlandish compromise was reached in Sinai, by which the Israelites continued to write their old personal name of God, Jehovah. However Jehovah could never be read aloud again and should, in every case, be pronounced ‘Adonai’. As mentioned earlier, ‘Adonai’ is the same name of the God of Akhenaton
The Site of the Face-Off
It appears that both at the time of the birth of Moses and when he came back to confront Pa-Ramses, the ruling Pharaoh was in residence in the vicinity of Goshen, where the Israelites had been allowed to settle.
Zarw was the major city in Goshen. Zarw occupied the old site of the previous Hyksos’ capital city of Avaris. At the end of the 18th Dynasty, the town of Pa-Ramses was built at the same site of Avaris and Zarw.
The archeological investigation in this area, found three different walls at three levels, confirming what we know from literary sources of Pi-Ramses/Avaris/Zarw that all three occupied one and the same location. This area is the present-day Kantarah, and its neighborhood
“And he did that which was right in the sight of the Lord, according to all that David his father did.”
“He removed the high places and brake the images, and cut down the groves; and brake in pieces the brazen serpent that Moses had made; for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it.”
It is clearly stated that Moses’ magic rod was in reality a bronze serpent.
B. He also performed the Heb-Sed festival rituals, which were not known to ordinary citizens.
During the Heb-Sed festivals, which were attended by Egyptian Kings, including Akhenaten, to rejuvenate their power, it was the custom to take part in rituals that included both the ‘serpent rod’ and ‘hand’ rituals performed by Moses.
Here, Moses does not sound like a magician, but more like someone who presents evidence of his royal background and legitimacy.
Pa-Ramses was not educated and trained to become a king, like Moses/Akhenaton was, and therefore could not match the presentation made by Moses.
The wise men bowed the knee in front of him, confirming his superior rights to the throne. But Pa-Ramses used his army to crush the rebels. Moses was allowed to leave again for Sinai accompanied by the Israelites. In Sinai the followers of Akhenaten were joined subsequently by some Bedouin tribes (the Shasu), who are to be identified as the Midianites of the Bible.
After entering Sinai, the Israelites traveled for three days without finding water. When they found some water later on, it was so bitter that they could not drink it. They protested to Moses, asking: “What are we to drink?” This protest, and at times threats to choose a new leader who would take them back to Egypt, is a recurrent event in the rest of the Pentateuch. They really did not want to leave Egypt, in the first place, and wanted to go back.. It was Moses who forced them to follow him.
Ramses I’s son and successor, Seti I (C. 1333-1304 BCE), received a message about the chaos in Sinai: ‘The Shasu enemies are plotting rebellion. Their tribal leaders are gathered in one place, standing on the foothills of Khor (a general term for Palestine and Syria), and they are engaged in turmoil and uproar. Each of them is killing his fellow. They do not consider the laws of the palace.’
Seti I did not wait for the burial of his father (Ramses I) or even his coronation, when he led his army promptly to Sinai.
The Shasu and the Israelites
The descendants of Jacob (numbering seventy just 75 years before Seti I’s reign) were of no significant number and/or stature to warrant a special name for them, in Egyptian records. When Moses/Akhenaton fled to Sinai and stayed there, for about 25 years, he had to establish alliances with the different and small Bedouin tribes in Sinai. The composition of this alliance is recorded in the Egyptian history, as the ‘Shasu enemies’
The Death of Moses
The account in the Old Testament of the failure of Moses to reach the Promised Land, his death and his burial in an unmarked grave is another curious episode.
We are told initially that, when his followers complained of thirst, Moses used his rod to smite a rock and bring forth water. It was called ‘the water of Meribah’ — a location in the north-center of Sinai, south of Canaan. It was this action that would later haunt him.
Some time later, when the Israelites were camped on the banks of the Jordan, near Jericho and opposite Canaan, Moses learned, according to the Book of Deuteronomy, that he was to be denied the opportunity to cross the river, no matter how hard he pleaded:
“I pray thee, let me go over, and see the good land that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain, and Lebanon.”
“...the Lord said ...speak no more unto me of this matter ...”
“... thou shalt not go over this Jordan.”
Deuteronomy. 3:25-7
Later in the Book of Deuteronomy, we have an account of the actual death of Moses. The Lord said to him:
“Get thee up into this mountain Abarim, unto Mount Nebo, which is in the land of Moab’ (the borders between Sinai and eastern Jordan) ‘that is over against Jericho; and behold the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel for a possession: And die in the mount ...
Because ye trespassed against me among the children of Israel at the waters of Meribah-Kadesh, in the wilderness of Zin ... thou shalt not go thither unto the land which I give the children of Israel.” 32:49-52
Tuesday, September 23rd 2014 at 2:52PM
Sylvainy R
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