Black Samurai of Japan

"The people who populate the island of Japan today are descendants from Blacks....Let us not forget that the first population of Japan was Black...and gave to Japan their first language."

--Leopold Sedar Senghor

"African-Like Stone Age Hut is Unearthed in Japan." Associated Press, 15 Feb 1986.

Boddy, James Marmaduke. "The Ethnology of the Japanese Race." The Colored American Magazine (Oct 1905): 577-85.

Brunson, James E. The World of Sakanouye No Tamuramaro: Black Shogun of Early Japan. Dekalb: Kara, 1991.

Brunson, James E., Runoko Rashidi and Wallace Magsby, Jr. "Black Shogun: The African Presence in Japanese Antiquity." African Presence in Early Asia. Edited by Runoko Rashidi and Ivan Van Sertima. New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1995: 316-30.

Chamberlain, Alexander Francis. "The Contribution of the Negro to Human Civilization." Journal of Race Development 2 (Apr 1911): 458-71.

Fleming, Beatrice J., and Marion J. Pryde. "The Negro General of Japan--Sakanouye Tamuramaro." Chap. in Distinguished Negroes Abroad. Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1946: 3-9.

Hulse, Frederick S. "Physical Types Among the Japanese."In Studies in the Anthropology of Oceania and Asia. Edited by Carleton S. Coon and James M. Andrews IV. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1942: 122-33.

Hyman, Mark. Black Shogun of Japan and Sophonisba: Wife of Two Warring Kings: Other Events from Ancient Times. Introduction by Edward Sims, Jr. Philadelphia: Mark Hyman Associates, 1989.

Jones, Lois Mailou. "Sakanouye Tamura Maro." Negro History Bulletin 4, No. 2 (Nov 1940): 31.

Person-Lynn, Kwaku. "First Japanese Were Black." Los Angeles Sentinel, 14 Mar 1991: A-8.

Rashidi, Runoko, and Ivan Van Sertima, eds. African Presence in Early Asia. New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1995.

Rogers, Joel Augustus. s*x and Race. Vol. 1, The Old World. New York: Rogers, 1940.

"Senghor Presents `Actual Facts' on Japanese: They're Descendants from Blacks." The Final Call 6, No. 5 (1987).

Suzuki, Hiroe. "September Meeting Report." JAFA News: Japan Afro-American Friendship Association Dedicated to Friendship and Mutual Understanding Between Japanese People and the Black Community in Japan (Dec 1993): 5-6.

Winters, Clyde-Ahmad. "Further Thoughts on Japanese Dravidian Connections." Dravidian Linguistics Association News 5, No 9 (Sep 1981): 1-4.